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Unit 8 > Chapter 9 pt.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the circulatory system?

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

Blood carries _______, _______, and other substances to the cells

A

nutrients, hormones

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3
Q

List some functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Transportation of nutrients & hormones
  2. Transport gases of respiration
  3. Removes waste products from cells
  4. Maintain body’s fluid balance
  5. Blood & blood vessels help regulate body temperature
  6. Produces cells to fight against microbes
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4
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Blood cells & plasma

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5
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries blood to other body cells, carries substances that cells need to function

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6
Q

Red blood cells are called?

A

Erythrocytes

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7
Q

What part of the RBCs carries O2 and gives blood its red color?

A

Hemoglobin

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8
Q

T/F: Cells release O2 as a waste product

A

FALSE: Cells release CO2 as a waste product

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9
Q

RBCs live for __ to __ months

A

3 to 4

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10
Q

The body has __ trillion RBCs

A

25

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11
Q

RBCs are destroyed by?

A

Liver & spleen

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12
Q

Where are new RBCs formed?

A

In bone marrow

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13
Q

How many RBCs are produced every second?

A

1 million

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14
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Protect the body from infection. WBCs increase when there is an infection

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15
Q

WBCs are formed by the?

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

How long do WBCs live for?

A

9 days

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17
Q

How many WBCs are there?

A

5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in cubic millimeters of blood

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18
Q

What’s another term for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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19
Q

Platelets are needed for?

A

Blood clotting

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20
Q

How many platelets are there?

A

200,000 to 400,000 platelets in a cubic millimeter of blood

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21
Q

How long do platelets live for?

A

4 days

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22
Q

What’s another name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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23
Q

Platelets are formed by?

A

By the bone marrow

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24
Q

T/F: The heart is a muscle

A

True

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25
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A
  1. Pericardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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26
Q

What is the perdicardium?

A

Outer layer that is a thin sac covering the heart

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27
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Second layer of the heart, it is the thick, muscular part of the heart

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28
Q

The ________ is the inner layer. A membrane, it lines the inner surface of the heart

A

endocardium

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29
Q

The heart has __ chambers

A

4

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30
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

receives blood from body tissues

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31
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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32
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

ventricles

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33
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs for O2

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34
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to all parts of the body

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35
Q

Valves allow blood flow in __ direction

A

1 direction

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36
Q

The heart chambers fill with blood in the resting phase, this is called?

A

Diastole

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37
Q

The heart is in the working phase, blood is pumped through the blood vessels when the heart contracts. What phase is this?

A

Systole

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38
Q

_____ prevent blood from flwoing back into the atria from the ventricles

A

valves

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39
Q

What are the three groups of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
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40
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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41
Q

What is the largest artery in our body?

A

aorta

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42
Q

The aorta receives blood directly from?

A

The left ventricle

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43
Q

The smallest branch of an artery is an ______

A

arteriole

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44
Q

Arterioles connect to?

A

Capillaries

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45
Q

Which blood vessels are very tiny, allowing nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to pass through into the cells?

A

Capillaries

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46
Q

Which blood vessel picks up waste products from the cells?

A

capillaries

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47
Q

Which blood vessel carries waste product back to the heart?

A

Veins

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48
Q

Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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49
Q

What color is venous blood? Why is it that color?

A
  • Dark red
  • Has little O2 and a lot of CO2
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50
Q

How are veins connected to capillaries?

A

By Venules

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51
Q

_____ are small veins that branch together to form veins.

A

Venules

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52
Q

What are the two main veins that branch together near the heart?

A
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Superior Vena Cava
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53
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava carry blood from?

A
  • Legs and Trunk
  • Torso-chest & abdomen
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54
Q

Where does the superior vena cava carry blood from?

A

The head & the arms

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55
Q

Where do the superior & inferior vena cavas empy into?

A

Both empty into the right atrium

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56
Q

Cells and capillaries exchange?

A

O2 & nutrients for CO2 and waste products

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57
Q

Lymph is formed in the ______

A

tissues

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58
Q

What does the lymph contain?

A

WBCs, proteins & fats

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59
Q

Which body system is a complex network that transports lymph throughout the body?

A

The Lymphatic System

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60
Q

What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Maintenance of fluid balance
  2. Absorption of fats from intestines and transports them to the blood
  3. Support and facilitation of the immune system
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61
Q

When do lymph nodes swell?

A

When producing more lymphocytes(WBCs) to fight off infection

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62
Q

Lymph nodes are shaped like?

A

Beans

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63
Q

What is the largest structure in the lymphatic system?

A

Spleen

64
Q

How much blood supply does the spleen have?

A

500 mL (1 pint)

65
Q

What organ filters & removes bacteria and other substances, while also destroying old RBCs?

A

Spleen

66
Q

What does the spleen save when RBCs are destroyed?

A

Saves iron found in hemoglobin

67
Q

What organ stores blood and returns it to circulatory system when needed?

A

Spleen

68
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Process of supplying cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from them

69
Q

The trachea divides into right & left ________

A

bronchus

70
Q

The bronchi divide into smaller branches called _______

A

bronchioles

71
Q

Bronchioles subdivide into?

A

1-celled air sacs call alveoli

72
Q

What are the lungs filled with?

A
  • Alveoli
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
73
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes, how many lobes does the right lung have? Does the left lung have the same amount of lobes?

A
  • Right lung: 3 lobes
  • Left lung: 2 lobes
74
Q

The lungs are separated from the abdominal cavity by what muscle?

A

The diaphram

75
Q

Each lung is covered by a 2-layer sac called _____

A

Pleura

76
Q

The lungs are _____ tissues

A

spongy

77
Q

What is digestion?

A

Process that breaks down food physically & chemically, so it can be absorbed and used by our cells

78
Q

The Digestive System is also called?

A

Gastro-intestinal system

79
Q

Which body system removes waste from the body?

A

Digestive system

80
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth

81
Q

What is bile and where is it made?

A
  • Greenish liquid
  • Made in the liver
82
Q

Food is mixed and churned with the gastric juices to form a semi-liquid substance called ______

A

chyme

83
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

84
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

20 feet long

85
Q

How is chyme pushed from the stomach into the small intestine?

A

Peristalsis

86
Q

Feces pass through the colon into the rectum by ______

A

peristalsis

87
Q

T/F: Feces pass out of the body through the rectum

A

FALSE: Pass out of the body through the anus

88
Q

Name the three parts of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
89
Q

What lines the small intestine?

A

Micro-Villi

90
Q

Involuntary muscle contractions in the digestive system move food down the esophagus through the alimentary canal, this is called?

A

Peristalsis

91
Q

What is the function of the Urinary System? (4)

A
  • Remove waste from blood
  • Maintains water balance
  • Maintains electrolyte balance
  • Maintains acid base balance
92
Q

A pH of __ is neutral

A

7

93
Q

Anything below a pH of 7 is ______, anything above a pH of 7 is ______

A
  • acidic
  • basic
94
Q

What is the normal range of pH?

A

7.35-7.45

95
Q

What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Ureters

96
Q

Each ureter is about __ to __ inches long

A

10 to 12

97
Q

A tube called the _____ is attached to the renal pelvis of the kidney

A

ureter

98
Q

Urine passes from the body through the ______

A

Meatus

99
Q

Urine passes from the bladder through the ______

A

Urethra

100
Q

Each kidney has over a million tiny _____

A

nephrons

101
Q

Each _____ is the basic working unit of the kidney

A

nephron

102
Q

Each nephron has a ________ tubule which has a ________ _______ at 1 end

A
  • convoluted tubule
  • Bowman’s capsule
103
Q

Alveoli and capillaries exchange?

A

O2 & CO2

104
Q

The male reproductive system consists of male sex glands called?

A

Testes

105
Q

What hormone does the male testes produce?

A

Testosterone

106
Q

Male sex cells are called?

A

Sperm cells

107
Q

The testes are suspended between the thighs in a sac called the _____

A

scrotum

108
Q

Release of an ovum is called ______

A

ovulation

109
Q

The ovaries secrete the hormones _______ & _______

A

estrogen & progesterone

110
Q

_______ gland are 2 pea-sized glands under the prostate

A

Cowper’s gland

111
Q

What produces a clear, colorless fluid before ejaculation (release of semen)?

A

Cowper’s glands

112
Q

What is the female sex cell called?

A

Ova

113
Q

There are __ fallopian tubes

A

2

114
Q

The main part of the uterus is the ______. The neck or narrow section of the uterus is the _______.

A
  • Fundus
  • Cervix
115
Q

Tissue lining the uterus is the ________

A

endometrium

116
Q

If sex cells from the male & female unite into 1 cell, that cell impants into the ______

A

endometrium

117
Q

The ______ can stretch or tear from intercourse, injury, or surgery

A

hymen

118
Q

The external female genitalia are called the _____

A

vulva

119
Q

_____ ____ is a rounded, fatty pad over a bone called the symphysis pubis. What is it covered with?

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Hair
120
Q

What are the 2 folds of tissue on each side of the vaginal opening?

A
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
121
Q

________ is the process in which the lining of the uterus breaks up and is discharged from the body through the vagina

A

Menstruation

122
Q

Mammary glands secrete?

A

Milk after childbirth

123
Q

Uniting of the sperm and ovum into 1 cell is called?

A

Fertilization

124
Q

An ovum has how many chromosomes?

A

23

125
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Protects body from disease and infection

126
Q

The body reacts to a certain threat, what immunity is this?

A

Specific

127
Q

The body reacts to anything it does not recognize as a normal body substance, what immunity is this?

A

Non-specific

128
Q

______ are normal body substances that recognize other substances

A

Antibodies

129
Q

What destroys abnormal or unwanted substanes in our immune system?

A

Antibodies

130
Q

______ are substances that cause an immune response

A

antigens

131
Q

Which WBCs digest and destroy microorganisms and other unwanted substances?

A

phagocytes

132
Q

T/F: Phagocytes produce antibodies

A

False: Lymphocytes produce antibodies

133
Q

What are the two lymphocyte cells?

A
  • B Cells
  • T Cells
134
Q

Which lymphocytes destroy invading cells and produce poison near the invading cells?

A

T Cells

135
Q

Which lymphocytes cause the production of antibodies that circulate in the plasma?

A

B cells

136
Q

Which WBCs destroy the invaders through digestion?

A

Phagocytes

137
Q

Which WBCs produce antibodies that identify and destroy the unwanted substances?

A

lymphocytes

138
Q

Which body system secretes chemical hormones into the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine System

139
Q

________ regulate the activities of other organs and glands in the body

A

Hormones

140
Q

What is the master gland in the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland

141
Q

What does the anterior pituitary lobe secrete? (4)

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. Male & female reproductive hormones
142
Q

What gland is small, cherry-sized and is located at the base of the brain behind the eyes?

A

Pituitary gland

143
Q

What does the posterior pituitary lobe secrete? (2)

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-prevent kidneys from excreting too much water
  2. Oxytocin-causes uterine contractions during childbirth
144
Q

Which endocrine gland regulates metabolism?

A

Thyroid gland

145
Q

What endocrine gland is butterfly-shaped and is located in the neck below the larynx?

A

Thyroid gland

146
Q
  1. What does the thyroid gland secrete?
  2. Too much of this hormone causes?
  3. Too little of this hormone causes?
A
  1. Thyroid hormone
  2. Too much TH increase metabolism (weight loss)
  3. Too little TH causes slow movement (weight gain)
147
Q

The parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathormone which regulates calcium use

148
Q

There is a total of __ Parathyroid glands

A

4

149
Q

Parathyroid glands are important in preventing ______

A

tetany

150
Q

What gland is located in the upper chest behind the sternum?

A

Thymus

151
Q

The thymus gland secretes?

A

Thymosin–development & function of immune system

152
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Regulates the amount of sugar in the blood available for use by the cells

153
Q

Sugar cannot enter the cells without _____

A

insulin

154
Q

Excess sugar builds up in the blood causing….

A

diabetes

155
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

156
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralocorticoids
157
Q

What body system coordinates everything from growth and metabolism to fertility, mood, digestion, and detoxification?

A

Endocrine System

Unit 8 (3 decks)

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