chapter five pt 1

Question 1

what are proteins made from

Answer 1

amino acids

Question 2

what are nucleic acids made from

Answer 2

nucleotides

Question 3

what are carbohydrates made from

Answer 3

monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 4

which large biological molecule is not considered a macromolecule?

Answer 4

lipids

Question 5

4 main classes of important macromolecules for life

Answer 5

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids

Question 6

polymers

Answer 6

large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 7

monomers

Answer 7

repeating units (smaller molecule) in a polar

Question 8

condensation reaction

Answer 8

connects monomer to monomer/polymer, where 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other w/ loss of a molecule
- (building polymer)

Question 9

what is condensation reaction the same as

Answer 9

dehydration reaction

Question 10

dehydration reaction

Answer 10

if a water molecule is lost

Question 11

hydrolysis

Answer 11

reverse of dehydration reaction, adds water molecule back in to break bonds between monomers
- (breaks polymers apart)

Question 12

main function of carbohydrates

Answer 12

• fuel
• building materials

Question 13

carbohydrates

Answer 13

both sugars and polymers of sugars (ketoses/aldehydes)

Question 14

monosaccharides

Answer 14

simplest carbohydrates (sugars)
- either ketose/aldehyde

Question 15

disaccharides

Answer 15

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 16

glycosidic linkage

Answer 16

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

Question 17

ex of disaccharides

Answer 17

• sucrose (glucose + fructose)
• maltose (glucose + glucose)
• lactose (glucose + galactose

Question 18

polysaccharides

Answer 18

macromolecules, hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 19

4 types of polysaccharides

Answer 19

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 20

starch

Answer 20

• polymer of glucose monomers
• represents stored energy
• alpha 1,4 linkage
• plants

Question 21

glycogen

Answer 21

• polymer of glucose
• more extensively branched than starch
• breaks down to glucose when demand for energy
• beta 1,4 linkage
• animals

Question 22

cellulose

Answer 22

polysaccharide that make up cell walls of plant cells
- most abundant organic compound
- provides structure

Question 23

chitin

Answer 23

polysaccharide carbohydrate used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, fungi) to build exoskeletons

Question 24

difference between starch and glycogen

Answer 24

glycogen more extensively branched and for animals

Question 25

why can't we get energy from cellulose

Answer 25

our enzymes can't digest it

Question 26

ex. of pentoses (5 C sugars)

Answer 26

- DNA - deoxyribose - RNA - ribose

Question 27

ex. of hexoses (6 C sugars)

Answer 27

- glucose - galactose - fructose

Question 28

lipids

Answer 28

hydrophobic molecules that don't mix with water

Question 29

what do lipids consist of?

Answer 29

C,H and some O - mostly hydrocarbon regions

Question 30

composition of fats

Answer 30

glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids

Question 31

fatty acids

Answer 31

has long carbon skeleton (usually 16-18), C at one end is part of carboxyl group (hence acid)

Question 32

triacylglycerol

Answer 32

fat molecule w/ 3 fatty acids

Question 33

saturated fatty acid

Answer 33

has all the hydrogen it can holdu

Question 34

unsaturated fats

Answer 34

has one of more double bonds - creates kink in tail

Question 35

uses of fats

Answer 35

- energy storage - cushions vital organs

Question 36

phospholipid composition

Answer 36

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 3rd hydroxyl group joined to phosphate group

Question 37

what are phospholipids a major component of?

Answer 37

cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer) - hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

Question 38

steroids

Answer 38

lipids characterized by 4 fused rings in carbon skeleton + functional group

Question 39

cholesterol

Answer 39

precursor of many steroids

Question 40

what else is cholesterol good for?

Answer 40

component of animal cell membranes, synthesizes hormones

Question 41

ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate

Answer 41

2:1