chapter six part one

Question 1

components of microscopy

Answer 1

visible light, magnification, resolution, wavelength, contrast

Question 2

light

Answer 2

light passed through specimen then through glass lenses

Question 3

magnification

Answer 3

ratio of object’s image size to real size

Question 4

resolution

Answer 4

measure of clarity of image, ability to see 2 distinct things

Question 5

wavelength

Answer 5

light/electrons

Question 6

contrast

Answer 6

difference in brightness between light/dark areas

Question 7

stain

Answer 7

cell components stand out, can be distinguished

Question 8

condenser

Answer 8

below stage, focuses light on specimen

Question 9

when was microscopy first invented?

Answer 9

1590

Question 10

Robert Hooke and cells

Answer 10

• 1665
• dead cells of oak bark

Question 11

2 types of electron microscopes

Answer 11

transmission and scanning

Question 12

electron microscope

Answer 12

focuses beam of electrons through specimen and on surface

Question 13

TEM

Answer 13

internal structure (organelles), specimen stained

Question 14

organelles

Answer 14

membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cell

Question 15

SEM

Answer 15

• detailed study of topography
• gold on surface, electrons excited, translated to pattern on screen

Question 16

cell fractionation

Answer 16

takes cells apart, separates major organelles and structures
- centrifuges

Question 17

centrifuges

Answer 17

holds mixtures of disrupted cells at different speeds, components settle in bottom of tube

Question 18

2 types of cells

Answer 18

prokaryota and eukaryota

Question 19

prokaryotic cells

Answer 19

• domain bacteria and archaea
• DNA in nucleoid (no membrane)
• no membrane-bound organelles
• smaller

Question 20

eukaryotic cells

Answer 20

• domain eukarya
• DNA in nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• larger

Question 21

similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Answer 21

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

Question 22

cytoplasm

Answer 22

• eukaryotic - region between nucleus and plasma membrane, suspends organelles
• prokaryotic - regions surrounded by proteins

Question 23

why are cells so small

Answer 23

surface vs. volume

Question 24

surface vs. volume

Answer 24

as the cell increases in size, surface area grows less than volume
- not enough membrane to sustain transport

Question 25

diffusion

Answer 25

movement of substances down concentration gradient (high to low)

Question 26

membrane structure

Answer 26

hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, proteins embedded, carbohydrate side chains, cholesterol

Question 27

animal cells

Answer 27

plasma membrane, flagellum, microvilli

Question 28

plant cells

Answer 28

cell wall, plasmodesmata, choloroplast

Question 29

nucleus

Answer 29

contains most of genes - some in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 30

nuclear envelope

Answer 30

encloses nucleus and separates contents from cytoplasm - double membrane (lipid bilayer), pore structures

Question 31

what is nuclear side of nuclear envelope lined by?

Answer 31

nuclear lamina - netlike array of protein filaments that maintain shape of nucleus

Question 32

nuclear pores

Answer 32

in envelope, lined by pore complex (protein that regulates entry/exit of proteins, RNAs, molecules)

Question 33

nuclear matrix

Answer 33

framework of protein fibers extending throughout nuclear interior

Question 34

chromatin

Answer 34

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

Question 35

chromosomes

Answer 35

structures that carry genetic information - human: 46 in nucleus, sex 23 - form loops when preparing to divide

Question 36

nucleolus

Answer 36

small dense structure in nucleus - ribosomal RNA synthesized from genes in DNA - proteins from cytoplasm assembled w rRNA

Question 37

ribosome function

Answer 37

carry out protein synthesis

Question 38

what are ribosomes made out of

Answer 38

ribosomal RNA and proteins

Question 39

why are ribosome not organelles

Answer 39

they are non membrane-bound

Question 40

free ribosomes

Answer 40

suspended in cytosol

Question 41

bound ribosomes

Answer 41

attached to outside of endoplasmic reticulum

Question 42

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 42

extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae)

Question 43

cisternal space

Answer 43

internal compartment (ER lumen)

Question 44

endomembrane system

Answer 44

membranes related through direct physical continuity and vesicle transfer

Question 45

rough ER

Answer 45

studded w ribosomes - secrete proteins produced by ribosomes - glycoproteins - secrete transport vesicles

Question 46

glycoproteins

Answer 46

proteins w/ carbohydrates

Question 47

smooth ER

Answer 47

lacks ribosomes - synthesis of lipids - metabolism of carbohydrates - detoxification of drugs/poisons - storage of calcium ions

Question 48

Golgi apparatus

Answer 48

receives, sorts, and ships transport vesicles - proteins modified/stored then sent to other destinations

Question 49

faces of Golgi apparatus

Answer 49

2 sides of stacks: cis and trans - cis - toward ER, ER to golgi - trans - opposite side, shipping

Question 50

lysosomes

Answer 50

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest and hydrolyzed molecules - phagocytosis

Question 51

phagocytosis

Answer 51

amoebas/protists engulf/eat smaller organisms and particles

Question 52

vacuoles

Answer 52

large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi - transports solutes