chapter six part two

Question 1

how do ribosomes know where to go?

Answer 1

free/bound depending on mRNA it translates

Question 2

what cells are mitochondrion present in

Answer 2

nearly all eukaryotes

Question 3

components of mitochondria

Answer 3

1. cellular respiration
2. intermembrane space
3. matrix
4. cristae
5. DNA

Question 4

cellular respiration

Answer 4

metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, and fuels
- everything behind glycolysis (cytosol) occurs in mito.

Question 5

intermembrane space

Answer 5

narrow region between inner/outer membrane

Question 6

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 6

enclosed by inner membrane
- different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes
- Krebs cycle

Question 7

membrane of mitochondira

Answer 7

phospholipid bilayer

Question 8

cristae of mitochondria

Answer 8

inholdings on inner membrane (rough/convoluted)
- increased surface area for electron transport chains and ATP synthesis

Question 9

mitochondrial DNA

Answer 9

circular double-stranded DNA

Question 10

where are chloroplasts found

Answer 10

plants/some algae (protists)
- site of photosynthesis (sunlight to chemical energy)

Question 11

components of chloroplast

Answer 11

1. stroma
2. thylakoid space
3. thylakoid membranes
4. geranium
5. amyloplasts
6. chromoplasts

Question 12

stroma

Answer 12

fluid outside thylakoids
- contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, enzymes

Question 13

chlorophyll

Answer 13

green pigment in chloroplasts

Question 14

thylakoid space

Answer 14

the space within a thylakoid

Question 15

thylakoid membranes

Answer 15

membrane system in form of flattened/interconnected sacs

Question 16

granum

Answer 16

stacks of thylakoids

Question 17

light photosynthetic reactions

Answer 17

• take place when there is light
• in thylakoid membranes

Question 18

dark photosynthetic reactions

Answer 18

• just need products from light photosynthesis
• in stroma

Question 19

amyloplasts

Answer 19

colorless organelle that store starch (amylose) in roots/tubes

Question 20

chromoplasts

Answer 20

contains pigments that give fruit/flowers colored hues

Question 21

plastid

Answer 21

family of closely related plant organelles
- amyloplasts and chromoplasts

Question 22

endosymbiont theory

Answer 22

origin of chloroplasts mitochondria
- early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic cell

Question 23

evidence for endosymbiont theory

Answer 23

1. have 2 membranes
2. contain ribosomes and DNA
3. autonomous in cell

Question 24

peroxisomes

Answer 24

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane that contains enzymes to remove H and transfer it to O(2), producing H(2)O(2), enzyme converts this to water

Question 25

roles of cytoskeleton

Answer 25

mechanical support to cell, maintains shape, motility (movement)

Question 26

motor proteins

Answer 26

proteins required for cell motility

Question 27

3 types of cytoskeleton

Answer 27

1. microtubules 2. microfilaments 3. intermediate filaments

Question 28

types of cytoskeleton from largest to smallest

Answer 28

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

Question 29

microtubules

Answer 29

hollow tubes - cell shape, motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements, centrioles, cilia/flagellum

Question 30

microfilaments

Answer 30

2 intertwined strands of actin - cell shape (changes/maintenance), muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming (plants), motility, division (animal)

Question 31

intermediate filaments

Answer 31

fibrous protein coiled in cables - cell shape, anchorage of nucleus/organelles, forms nuclear lamina

Question 32

centrosomes

Answer 32

where microtubules grow from - near nucleus - separation of chromosomes during division - contain centrioles

Question 33

centrioles

Answer 33

9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in ring

Question 34

structure of cilia and flagella

Answer 34

specialized arrangement of microtubules anchored in basal body

Question 35

differences between cilia and flagella

Answer 35

cilia - large numbers on cell surface, power/recovery strokes flagellum - 1/few per cell, longer/undulating motion

Question 36

dynein

Answer 36

cross-linking/walking - large motor protein - walk along microtubules of adjacent doublet and use ATP energy - doublets held in place by cross-linking

Question 37

myosin motor activity

Answer 37

actin/thicker filaments made of myosin (protein) interact to cause contraction of muscle cells (microfilaments)

Question 38

pseudopodia

Answer 38

cellular extensions used to help a cell crawl along a surface (microfilaments)

Question 39

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 39

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells (microfilaments)

Question 40

microvilli

Answer 40

bundles of microfilaments that create delicate projections to increase surface area for absorption

Question 41

intermediate filaments specialization

Answer 41

bearing tension - only found in some animal cells - more permanent

Question 42

function of plant cell wall

Answer 42

protects, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water

Question 43

components of plant cell wall

Answer 43

- microfibrils made of cellulose - other polysaccharide and proteins - primary cell wall - young cells, thin/flexible - middle lamella - layer between walls w/ pectins - secondary cell wall

Question 44

extracellular matrix components

Answer 44

collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectins, integrins

Question 45

collagen

Answer 45

strong fibers outside of cells

Question 46

proteogylcans

Answer 46

network w/ embedded collagens secreted by cells

Question 47

fibronectins

Answer 47

attach cells to matrix (glycoproteins)

Question 48

integrins

Answer 48

cell surface receptor proteins

Question 49

intracellular junctions in plants

Answer 49

plasmodesmata

Question 50

plasmodesmata

Answer 50

channels that connect cells

Question 51

intracellular junctions in animals

Answer 51

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Question 52

tight junctions

Answer 52

plasma membranes tightly pressed against each other bound by proteins

Question 53

desmosomes

Answer 53

anchorage, rivets fasten cells into sheets

Question 54

gap junctions

Answer 54

channels between cells taht have direct transfer of ions and small molecules

Question 55

middle of flagella and cilia structure

Answer 55

"9 + 2" - 9 doublets of microtubules - 2 - central pair of tubules

Question 56

base of cilia and flagella

Answer 56

'9+0' - nonmotile