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Biomechanics Ped 351 > chapter four > Flashcards

chapter four Flashcards

1
Q

force

A

something that possesses the capability to cause a change in motion of a system

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2
Q

motion

A

change in position with respect to both spatial & temporal frames of reference

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3
Q

Newton’s first law: Law of Inertia

A

the current state of rest or motion of the system will be maintained unless and until there is interaction with an external force, no change of motion occurs without force

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4
Q

Newton’s second law: Fundamental Law of Dynamics or Law of Acceleration

A

change of motion is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force

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5
Q

acceleration

A

a change in the state of motion of the system caused by an applied force

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6
Q

Newton’s third law: Law of Reciprocal Actions or Law of Action-Reaction

A

forces exist in pairs

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7
Q

field force

A

a force that acts at a distance without making contact with the object that it is affecting

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8
Q

strong nuclear force

A

force that occurs between subatomic particles & prevents the nucleus of an atom from exploding because protons produce a repulsive electric force

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9
Q

electromagnetic force

A

force that occurs between electric charges

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10
Q

weak nuclear force

A

force that is a product of some radioactive decay processes

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11
Q

gravitational force

A

force that exists between bodies of mass

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12
Q

contact forces

A

forces that are the result of physical contact between two bodies

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13
Q

external forces

A

forces that interact with the system from the outside

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14
Q

internal forces

A

forces that act within the defined system

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15
Q

action force

A

the initially applied force

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16
Q

reaction force

A

the simultaneous equal counterforce actin gin the opposite direction to the action force

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17
Q

friction

A

the force that resists the sliding of two objects in contact

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18
Q

normal force

A

force that acts downward on one surface & upward on another

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19
Q

ground reaction force

A

an equal & oppositely directed normal force from Earth

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20
Q

static friction

A

friction that exists when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement

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21
Q

coefficient of friction

A

an experimentally measured dimensionless value representing the proportion of friction force resisting sliding motion of the object to the normal force holding the objects together (represents difficulty of sliding over another surface because of their textures)

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22
Q

impending motion

A

the moment immediately before an object begins to slide because of the application of a force

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23
Q

kinetic friction

A

friction that exists when two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other

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24
Q

rolling friction

A

friction that exists whenever one surface is rolling over another but is not sliding across it

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25
pressure
the magnitude of applied force acting over a given area
26
tensile strength
the maximum stretch that a material can withstand without rupture
27
Pascal's law
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point of a fluid and to the walls of the container
28
stress
the external force acting to deform a material
29
strain
the resulting magnitude of deformation as a result of an applied stress
30
poisson's ratio
an expression of the tendency of a material to exhibit transverse (lateral) strain simultaneously with axial (longitudinal) strain
31
elastic modulus
an expression of the relationship of stress & strain for a given material and type of deformation
32
tension stress
occurs when two forces are applied to a system in opposite directions away from each other
33
compression stress
the result of two forces being applied to the system in opposite directions toward each other
34
shear stress
occurs from application of two parallel forces that tend to simultaneously displace one part of a system in a direction opposite another part of the system
35
bending
occurs when two off-axis forces are applied such that tension stress is caused on one side of the system & compression stress occurs on the other side
36
torsion
caused by two forces being applied in such a way that part of the system is rotated around its longitudinal axis in a direction opposite of the rotation of another part of the system
37
Young's modulus
term for the elastic modulus specifically referring to a condition of tension stress
38
elastic region
the linear portion of any given stress-strain curve; a material will return to its original shape if tensile stress is removed within this range
39
yield point
the point at which an applied stress can lead to permanent deformation
40
plastic region
the nonlinear response of the material after the yield point; some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress
41
strength
the maximum stress or strain that a material can withstand without permanent deformation
42
ductility
the force per unit area required to deform a material and is represented by the steepness (slope) of the stress-strain curve
43
toughness
total energy required to cause material failure
44
yield strength
stress at the yield point of a material
45
ultimate strength
the maximal stress that a material can withstand before failing
46
failure strength
the stress at which a material actually breaks or ruptures
47
ductile
the quality of material that fails at low stress but can withstand a large strain; also known as pliant
48
brittle
the quality of a material that can withstand high stress but fails with relatively low strain; also known as stiff
49
coefficient of restitution
a parameter observed after reformation that indicates the ability of an object to return to its original shape after deformation; also known as coefficient of elasticity
50
viscoelastic
quality of a material whose deformation is affected by both the rate of loading and the length of time that it is subjected to a constant load
51
creep
property of experiencing increasing strain (continued deformation) under a constant stress
52
stress relaxation
the eventual decrease in stress that will occur as fluid is no longer exuded
53
buoyant force
the vertical, upward-directed force acting on an object that is submerged in a fluid
54
Archimedes' principle
a body submerged in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal in magnitude to the weight of the displaced water
55
dynamic fluid force
the equal and oppositely directed force of the fluid particles in reaction to the applied force of the system moving through the fluid
56
drag force
the parallel component of dynamic fluid force that acts in the opposite direction of system motion with respect to the fluid; tends to resist motion of the system through the fluid
57
lift force
the perpendicular component of dynamic fluid force can act in any direction that is perpendicular to system motion with respect to the fluid; tends to change the direction of system motion through the fluid
58
motive force
a force that tends to cause a change in motion in the form of increased velocity or change in direction of the system; also known as propulsive force
59
resistive force
a force that tends to prevent changes in motion by other external forces or decrease the velocity of a system that is already in motion
60
centripetal force
any force that causes a system to exhibit circular motion
61
maximal oxygen uptake
maximal capability to use oxygen in metabolic processes to make ATP; expresses as VO2 max
62
hoop stress
stress caused by compressive forces applied to intervertebral discs
63
radial expansion
the bulging of an intervertebral disc in accordance with Poisson's ratio

Biomechanics Ped 351 (4 decks)

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