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cytogen > CHAPTER IV: THE GENETIC MATERIAL (MODULE) > Flashcards

CHAPTER IV: THE GENETIC MATERIAL (MODULE) Flashcards

1
Q

The size of the DNA polymer varies with the complexity of
the organism; more complex organisms tend to have _______
DNAs

A

larger

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2
Q

Nucleoproteins are found in?

A

Cytoplasm particularly in the ribosomes

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3
Q

Has a very acidic property which gives nucleic acids their acidity

A

Phosphate (from phosphoric acid)

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4
Q

The 2 strands of the DNA structure is ________– each
has an opposite polarity to the other

A

antiparallel

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5
Q

Purines are composed of?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

__________ is a polymeric substance made up of four nucleotides
(A, G, C, T).

A

DNA

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7
Q

Nitrogenous bases are connected by ___________.

A

H bonds

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8
Q

The other strand is formed in short segments (Okazaki fragments) in the 3’ to 5’ direction. The segments are joined together by DNA ligase

A

step 4 in DNA replication

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9
Q

Knowledge of the___________ and function of ___________ is essential in understanding genetics and many aspects of disease, pathophysiology, as well as the genetic basis of the disease

A

Structure
Nucleic acids

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10
Q

RNA is ___________, thus it does not contain equal amounts of specific bases

A

single stranded

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11
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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12
Q

Stores all the information about the proteins that make-up the organism (genetic material)

A

DNA

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13
Q

Properties of Nucleoproteins:
1. ________
2. Soluble in _____ with which they form salts.
3. Precipitated from solutions by _______ but redissolved by dilute _____
4. Not _______by heat
5. Exhibit similar __________ and color reactions with proteins

A

Soluble
alkalies
acetic acid; HCl
coagulated
precipitation

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14
Q

What are the functions of Nucleoproteins?

A
  1. Duplication
  2. Storage, expression and transmission of genetic information
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15
Q

DNA: ____________

A

Chargaff’s rule

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16
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

DNA Replication

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Each time the cell divides, an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell is needed for the new daughter cell

A

TRUE

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18
Q

DNA segment that codes for the biosynthesis of specific protein

A

Gene

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19
Q

groups of 3 adjacent bases that specify an amino acid

A

Codons/Coding triplet

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20
Q

Three Stages of Protein Synthesis:

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
  3. Formation of Polypeptide chain
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21
Q

nucleoside joined with a phosphate group (Sugar + base)

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

_________ are variable and stick out from the backbone

A

Nitrogenous bases

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23
Q

nitrogen base combined with 5-carbon sugar (Sugar + base + PO4);

A

Nucleoside

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24
Q

The base composition of the DNA of all organisms ____________

A

CONSTANT

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25
Q

The 2 strands are held together by __________________

A

complementary base pairing

26
Q

The first __________are more significant and important.

A

2 bases

27
Q

short segments of the DNA molecule

A

Okazaki fragments

28
Q

The double helix is held together
by ______________extending
from the base on one strand of
the double helix to a complementary base on the other strand.

A

hydrogen bonds

29
Q

serves as the backbone of
its structure

A

Ribose-PO4

30
Q

The enzyme DNA helicase causes the two strands to unwind, producing two separate strands

A

step 1 in DNA replication

31
Q

The structure of the DNA has been likened to a ladder that is twisted into a double helix, with the rungs of the ladder kept ________ to the twisted railings

A

perpendicular

32
Q

Macromolecules which were first discovered in the nuclei of cells, which contain all the information to
direct the activities of a cell and its reproduction

A

Nucleic acids

33
Q

____________ is the predominant conformation

A

Double helix

34
Q

The _________ is variable and sensitive to mutation

A

3rd base

35
Q

causes the DNA helix to unwind

A

DNA helicase

36
Q

These are proteins conjugated with a nucleic acid (as a DNA) and is the principal constituent of the hereditary material in chromosomes

A

Nucleoproteins

37
Q

The structure of DNA, according
to Watson and Crick, consists of
______________ of nucleotides in the form of a _____________, with both nucleotide strands coiled around the same axis.

A

two polymeric strands
double helix

38
Q

The RNA is much ___________ than the DNA

A

smaller

39
Q

What is the importance of nucleoproteins?

A

they are closely associated with chromosomes

40
Q

fundamental sub-unit
of nucleic acids

A

Nucleoside

41
Q

TRUE OF FALSE:

The amount of purine bases is always unequal to the amount of pyrimidine bases

A

FALSE

42
Q

What are the secondary structure of RNA?

A

hairpins, step-loop structure

43
Q

RNA: Functions
o Serves as the ___________ of genetic information to the site of protein synthesis (mRNA)
o Essential __________ of the ribosomes
o Serves as the ________ for some viruses

A

carrier
components
genetic material

44
Q

The four bases are __________in their ring structures.

A

flat

45
Q

Amount and # of Nucleotides of tRNA?

A

5%
75

46
Q

Amount and # of Nucleotides of mRNA?

A

15%
1200

47
Q

DNA polymerase joins the newly attached nucleotides to create one continuous strand in the 5’ to
3’ direction

A

step 3 in DNA replication

48
Q

The other strand is formed in short segments (Okazaki fragments) in the _______ direction. The segments are joined together by DNA ligase

A

3’ to 5’
DNA ligase

49
Q

A 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

A

Sugar (pentose)

50
Q

Joins Okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

51
Q

The phosphate and deoxyribose units ______________along the two railings of the ladder, and two
nitrogen bases form each rung of the ladder

A

alternate

52
Q

Amount and # of Nucleotides of rRNA?

A

80%
1800

53
Q

Free nucleotides pair with their complementary base on the template strands by means of
hydrogen bonds

A

step 2 in DNA replication

54
Q

What are the TERTIARY structure of RNA?

A

pseudoknot, cloverleaf structure

55
Q

The ____________component of the DNA is located on the side of the ladder

A

sugar-PO4

56
Q

DNA polymerase joins the newly attached nucleotides to create one continuous strand in the ____ to
___ direction

A

5’
3’

57
Q

It is the start codon

A

AUG

58
Q

Describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Proteins

A

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

59
Q

catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand

A

DNA polymerase

60
Q

Pyrimidines are composed of?

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

cytogen (19 decks)

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