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CHAPTER IV: THE GENETIC MATERIAL (MODULE) Flashcards

1
Q

The size of the DNA polymer varies with the complexity of
the organism; more complex organisms tend to have _______
DNAs

A

larger

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2
Q

Nucleoproteins are found in?

A

Cytoplasm particularly in the ribosomes

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3
Q

Has a very acidic property which gives nucleic acids their acidity

A

Phosphate (from phosphoric acid)

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4
Q

The 2 strands of the DNA structure is ________– each
has an opposite polarity to the other

A

antiparallel

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5
Q

Purines are composed of?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

__________ is a polymeric substance made up of four nucleotides
(A, G, C, T).

A

DNA

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7
Q

Nitrogenous bases are connected by ___________.

A

H bonds

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8
Q

The other strand is formed in short segments (Okazaki fragments) in the 3’ to 5’ direction. The segments are joined together by DNA ligase

A

step 4 in DNA replication

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9
Q

Knowledge of the___________ and function of ___________ is essential in understanding genetics and many aspects of disease, pathophysiology, as well as the genetic basis of the disease

A

Structure
Nucleic acids

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10
Q

RNA is ___________, thus it does not contain equal amounts of specific bases

A

single stranded

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11
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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12
Q

Stores all the information about the proteins that make-up the organism (genetic material)

A

DNA

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13
Q

Properties of Nucleoproteins:
1. ________
2. Soluble in _____ with which they form salts.
3. Precipitated from solutions by _______ but redissolved by dilute _____
4. Not _______by heat
5. Exhibit similar __________ and color reactions with proteins

A

Soluble
alkalies
acetic acid; HCl
coagulated
precipitation

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14
Q

What are the functions of Nucleoproteins?

A
  1. Duplication
  2. Storage, expression and transmission of genetic information
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15
Q

DNA: ____________

A

Chargaff’s rule

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16
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

DNA Replication

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Each time the cell divides, an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell is needed for the new daughter cell

A

TRUE

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18
Q

DNA segment that codes for the biosynthesis of specific protein

A

Gene

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19
Q

groups of 3 adjacent bases that specify an amino acid

A

Codons/Coding triplet

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20
Q

Three Stages of Protein Synthesis:

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
  3. Formation of Polypeptide chain
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21
Q

nucleoside joined with a phosphate group (Sugar + base)

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

_________ are variable and stick out from the backbone

A

Nitrogenous bases

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23
Q

nitrogen base combined with 5-carbon sugar (Sugar + base + PO4);

A

Nucleoside

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24
Q

The base composition of the DNA of all organisms ____________

A

CONSTANT

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25
The 2 strands are held together by __________________
complementary base pairing
26
The first __________are more significant and important.
2 bases
27
short segments of the DNA molecule
Okazaki fragments
28
The double helix is held together by ______________extending from the base on one strand of the double helix to a complementary base on the other strand.
hydrogen bonds
29
serves as the backbone of its structure
Ribose-PO4
30
The enzyme DNA helicase causes the two strands to unwind, producing two separate strands
step 1 in DNA replication
31
The structure of the DNA has been likened to a ladder that is twisted into a double helix, with the rungs of the ladder kept ________ to the twisted railings
perpendicular
32
Macromolecules which were first discovered in the nuclei of cells, which contain all the information to direct the activities of a cell and its reproduction
Nucleic acids
33
____________ is the predominant conformation
Double helix
34
The _________ is variable and sensitive to mutation
3rd base
35
causes the DNA helix to unwind
DNA helicase
36
These are proteins conjugated with a nucleic acid (as a DNA) and is the principal constituent of the hereditary material in chromosomes
Nucleoproteins
37
The structure of DNA, according to Watson and Crick, consists of ______________ of nucleotides in the form of a _____________, with both nucleotide strands coiled around the same axis.
two polymeric strands double helix
38
The RNA is much ___________ than the DNA
smaller
39
What is the importance of nucleoproteins?
they are closely associated with chromosomes
40
fundamental sub-unit of nucleic acids
Nucleoside
41
TRUE OF FALSE: The amount of purine bases is always unequal to the amount of pyrimidine bases
FALSE
42
What are the secondary structure of RNA?
hairpins, step-loop structure
43
RNA: Functions o Serves as the ___________ of genetic information to the site of protein synthesis (mRNA) o Essential __________ of the ribosomes o Serves as the ________ for some viruses
carrier components genetic material
44
The four bases are __________in their ring structures.
flat
45
Amount and # of Nucleotides of tRNA?
5% 75
46
Amount and # of Nucleotides of mRNA?
15% 1200
47
DNA polymerase joins the newly attached nucleotides to create one continuous strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction
step 3 in DNA replication
48
The other strand is formed in short segments (Okazaki fragments) in the _______ direction. The segments are joined together by DNA ligase
3’ to 5’ DNA ligase
49
A 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Sugar (pentose)
50
Joins Okazaki fragments together
DNA ligase
51
The phosphate and deoxyribose units ______________along the two railings of the ladder, and two nitrogen bases form each rung of the ladder
alternate
52
Amount and # of Nucleotides of rRNA?
80% 1800
53
Free nucleotides pair with their complementary base on the template strands by means of hydrogen bonds
step 2 in DNA replication
54
What are the TERTIARY structure of RNA?
pseudoknot, cloverleaf structure
55
The ____________component of the DNA is located on the side of the ladder
sugar-PO4
56
DNA polymerase joins the newly attached nucleotides to create one continuous strand in the ____ to ___ direction
5’ 3’
57
It is the start codon
AUG
58
Describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Proteins
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
59
catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand
DNA polymerase
60
Pyrimidines are composed of?
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

CYTOGEN (19 decks)

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