SYNTHESIS Flashcards
The use of RNA ___________ and mixed ___________in a cell-free protein synthesizing system allowed the determination of the ___________, but not the sequence, of triplet codons designating specific amino acids.
homopolymers
copolymers
composition
Use of the ______________ and of repeating copolymers allowed the determination of the ______________ of triplet codons designating specific amino acids.
triplet-binding assay
Specific sequences
The complete coding dictionary reveals that of the ______ possible
triplet codons, ______ encode the ____amino acids found in proteins,
while three triplets terminate translation. One of these 61 is the
initiation codon and specifies methionine.
64
61
20
Confirmation for the coding dictionary, including codons for
initiation and termination, was obtained by comparing the
complete nucleotide sequences of _______ with the amino
acid sequence of the corresponding proteins. Other findings support the belief that, with only minor exceptions, the code is universal for all organisms.
phage MS2
contain specific DNA sequences, such as the TATA box, that are essential to polymerase binding.
Promoters
- Initiation of transcription is dependent on an upstream (5′) DNA region, called the_____________
Promoter
is the synthesis of polypeptide chains under the direction of mRNA in association with ribosomes.
Translation
Translation depends on tRNA molecules that serve as ________between triplet codons in mRNA and the corresponding amino acids.
adaptors
Pauling and Ingram’s investigations of hemoglobin from patients with ____________ anemia led to the modification of the one-gene: one-enzyme hypothesis to indicate that one gene encodes one polypeptide chain.
sickle-cell
What is the end product of the gene?
Protein
According to myriad proteins, the most influential role belongs to?
Enzymes
It serves as highly specific biological catalysts that play a central role in the production of all classes of molecules in living systems.
Enzymes
In eukaryotes, proteins contain one or more functional domains, each prescribed by _______regions interspersed within genes. Specific domains impart specific functional capacities to proteins and appear to have been ___________between
genes during evolution.
exon
“shuffled”
