Chapter one

Question 1

What is the biosphere?

Answer 1

It is the ensamble of all the life on Earth

Question 2

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 2

It is the ensamble of all the living things interacting with the non-living one of the environment

Question 3

What is a biological communuty?

Answer 3

It reppresents the organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Question 4

What is A population?

Answer 4

It consist of all the individuals of a specie living in a specific area

Question 5

What is an organism?

Answer 5

It is an individual living thing

Question 6

What is an organ?

Answer 6

It is a body part that is made up if multiple tissues and has a specific function in the body.

Question 7

What is a tissue?

Answer 7

It is group of cells that perform the same specialized function.

Question 8

What is a cell?

Answer 8

It is life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

Question 9

What is an Organelle?

Answer 9

It is a various functional component of a cell

Question 10

What is a molecule?

Answer 10

It is a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms

Question 11

What are Emergent Properties?

Answer 11

They are properties establishing due to the interaction between two or more things as their complexity increases

Question 12

What is system biology?

Answer 12

It is a discpiline that studies the emergent properties of a living thing by considering it as a system

Question 13

What is reductism?

Answer 13

It is a way to study a complex biological system by reducing it to one of its own component.

Question 14

Which is the correlation between the structure and the function of something?

Answer 14

A given shape has a given function, therefore, as the they are the same in all forms of life, knowing the structure of something provides informations about its function and, conversely, we can predict its structure

Question 15

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

Answer 15

The eucariotic one has membrane-enclosed organelles, while the procariotic one doesn’t.

Question 16

When was the Cell Theory developped? What does it state?

Answer 16

It was developped in the 1800s. It states the all the living organisms are made of cells, the basic units of life

Question 17

Which organisms belong to the prokaryotics?

Answer 17

Bacteria and archea

Question 18

What structures contain the genetic material in the form of DNA

Answer 18

The chromosomes

Question 19

What is a gene?

Answer 19

It is a section of the DNA

Question 20

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 20

It is made up of two long chains, 3’-5’ e 5’-3’, called strands, arramged in a double helix. Each chain is made up of nucleotides, Adenine, Timosine, Cytosine and Guanine.

Question 21

How does the genic expression work?

Answer 21

The sequence of nucleotides of a gene is transcribes into mRNA, which is then translated into amino acids, making a protein

Question 22

What is the genome?

Answer 22

It is the “library” of genetic instructioms inheruted by an organism

Question 23

what is a genomic approach?

Answer 23

It is the studying of whole sets of genes (or DNA) in one or more species at the same time

Question 24

What is proteomics?

Answer 24

It is the study of sets of proteins and their properties.

Question 25

What is a proteome?

Answer 25

It is the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue or organism)

Question 26

What is a producer?

Answer 26

It is an organism that self-produces its nutrients (Plants)

Question 27

What is a consumer?

Answer 27

It is an organism that feeds on other organisms or their remains

Question 28

What is the difference between an ecosystem and a chemical cycle?

Answer 28

In chemical cycles energy amd other sources are recycled

Question 29

What is a feedback?

Answer 29

It is the ability od biological processes to self-regulate

Question 30

What is a negative feedback?

Answer 30

It is a feedback that reduces its own production (like insulin)

Question 31

What is a positive feedback?

Answer 31

It is a feedback that speeds up its own production (like the clotting of the blood)

Question 32

What is evolution?

Answer 32

It repprents the fact that each living organism on Earth is the modified descendant of a common ancestor

Question 33

What name is each species given?

Answer 33

They are given two-part name: the first one is the genus to which the species belong, and the second one is unique to the species

Question 34

What are the Three Domains of Life?

Answer 34

They are Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic.

Question 35

What are the soubgroups of the domain Eukarya?

Answer 35

They are Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia and the protists

Question 36

How are distinguished the Three kingdoms?

Answer 36

They are distinguished by their methods of nutrition: Pants self-produce nutrients by photosynthesis, fungi absorb nutrients in dissolved form from their surroudings and animals obtain food by eatung and digesting other organisms

Question 37

Which are the most numerous and diverse eukaryotes?

Answer 37

They are the protists, mostly single-celled organisms divided into several groups as their DNA sometimes differs

Question 38

What are the two main points of "The Origin of Species"?

Answer 38

The first one is that contemporary species arose frijba succession id ancestors that differed from them, the process of "descent with modification". The second one states that natural selection is a primary cause of descent with modification

Question 39

What is natural selection?

Answer 39

It is the mechanism of evolutionary adaption to an environment