Chapter One - Nutrition Review

Question 1

A series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for promoting growth and replacing worn/injured tissues

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

Any substance ingested that aid in support of life

Answer 2

Nutrient

Question 3

6 Categories of nutrients

Answer 3

1. Proteins
2. Fats
3. Carbs
4. Water
5. Vitamins
6. Minerals

Question 4

The ability of the body to utilize nutrients

Answer 4

Bioavailability

Question 5

Mixture of different foods that are balanced for promoting optimum health

Answer 5

Diet

Question 6

4 General Diets available for animals

Answer 6

1. Growth and Reproduction
2. Maintenance
3. Geriatric
4. Work/Production

Question 7

Nutritional support is particularly important in times of

Answer 7

illness and injury

Question 8

A common problem among pets

Answer 8

Obesity

Question 9

Involves sensory factors: taste, smell, color, and texture

Answer 9

Palatability

Question 10

Plays an important role in the nutrition of birds

Answer 10

Color

Question 11

Non-energy, non-nutrient substances added to food to enhance color, flavor, texture, and stability
Provide no source of energy or nutritional value

Answer 11

Additives

Question 12

Substances capable of inhibiting food-deteriorating microbes

Answer 12

Preservatives

Question 13

Many preservatives are ___________, and their salts are added to avoid oxidation, discoloration, or spoilage

Answer 13

organic acids

Question 14

Considered natural preservatives

Answer 14

Vitamin C, Vitamin E

Question 15

Preservative additives that bind to water to inhibit mold and fungal growth

Answer 15

Humectants

Question 16

3 Energy Producing Nutrients

Answer 16

1. Proteins
2. Fats
3. Carbs

Question 17

3 Non-Energy Producing Nutrients

Answer 17

1. Water
2. Vitamins
3. Minerals

Question 18

Important in many biochemical reactions

Answer 18

Non-energy nutrients

Question 19

Inhibit oxidation of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, which protects them from becoming rancid and losing potency

Answer 19

Anti-oxidants

Question 20

Protein is made up of ___ amino acids

Answer 20

23

Question 21

Functions of proteins

Answer 21

Regulatio of metabolism, cell membrane construction, tissue growth, muscle fiber formation, and tissue repair

Question 22

Cant be synthesized in the body in adequate quantities and therefore must be supplemented in the diet

Answer 22

Essential Amino Acids

Question 23

Arginine, Histadine, Isolucin, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine

Answer 23

EAA’s

Question 24

Cats specifically require __________ in their diet

Answer 24

Taurine

Question 25

Taurine deficiency could result in dilated ______ and retinal atrophy

Answer 25

Cardiomyopathy

Question 26

Amino acids that the animal can manufacture if not available in the body from other sources

Answer 26

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Question 27

Dogs can synthesize __ amino acids

Answer 27

10

Question 28

Cats can synthesize __ amino acids

Answer 28

11

Question 29

Excess protein will be burned for energy and can provide _______ if energy is not obtained from carbs or fats

Answer 29

4kcal/g

Question 30

The breakdown of circulating and structural protein into glucose

Answer 30

Gluconeogenesis

Question 31

Clinical signs of protein deficiency

Answer 31

Weight loss, dull hair coat, anorexia, immunodeficiency, poor mentation, edema, and death

Question 32

The quantity and distribution of essential amino acids in a protein are important features in determining a protein's ____________

Answer 32

biologic value

Question 33

Where does the breakdown of proteins occur if the animal is unable to consume the required levels?

Answer 33

The viscera and muscles

Question 34

The greater the number of ____________ in a protein, the greater it's biological value and quality

Answer 34

essential amino acids

Question 35

_____________ have a higher biological value than plant proteins.

Answer 35

Animal proteins

Question 36

Cats should be on this type of diet

Answer 36

High protein, low carbs

Question 37

CHO

Answer 37

Carbohydrates

Question 38

Carbs are made of what 3 elements?

Answer 38

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Question 39

The body uses carbs primarily in the form of

Answer 39

Glucose

Question 40

The primary function of carbs is

Answer 40

ENNNEERRRGYYYY | i hate this class.

Question 41

Carbs include

Answer 41

Sugars, Starches, and fibers

Question 42

The term _________ is synonomous with carbs

Answer 42

saccharide

Question 43

Glycogen is also known as

Answer 43

Animal starch

Question 44

Carbs that are consumed in excess are stored as

Answer 44

Glycogen in the muscle or liver

Question 45

2 categories of carbs

Answer 45

1. Soluble | 2. Insoluble

Question 46

Digestible and supply calories to a diet and can be used immediately for energy

Answer 46

Soluble carbs

Question 47

2 types of Soluble carbs

Answer 47

1. Monosaccharides | 2. Disaccharides

Question 48

Monosaccharides are also known as

Answer 48

Simple sugars

Question 49

The building blocks of disaccharides

Answer 49

Monosaccharides

Question 50

2 examples of simple sugars

Answer 50

Glucose and fructose

Question 51

A fruit sugar

Answer 51

fructose

Question 52

The major energy source of the body

Answer 52

glucose

Question 53

Disaccharides are made up of

Answer 53

2 monosaccharide units

Question 54

2 examples of disaccharides

Answer 54

sucrose aka table sugar | lactose aka milk sugar

Question 55

Once sucrose is digested, the body converts it to

Answer 55

glucose or fructose

Question 56

Once lactose is digested, the body converts it to

Answer 56

galactose and glucose

Question 57

Indigestible | The portion of a plant that resists digestion

Answer 57

Insoluble carbs

Question 58

Polysaccharide is aka

Answer 58

Complex carbs

Question 59

A polysaccharide is made of

Answer 59

thousands of monosaccharide units

Question 60

2 examples of a polysaccharide

Answer 60

peanut hulls and lignin

Question 61

Digested through the digestive tract, not the stomach Aids in regulating blood glucose levels (helpful with diabetes patients) Used in the management of diarrhea and constipation because it helps absorb water Helps manage satiety in diets for weight loss/control

Answer 61

Fiber

Question 62

Fats are aka

Answer 62

Triglycerides

Question 63

Lipids that are solid at room temperature

Answer 63

Fats

Question 64

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

Answer 64

Oils

Question 65

Fats provide how much energy?

Answer 65

9 kcal/g

Question 66

Where are fats stored?

Answer 66

Localized regions called fat deposits

Question 67

Serve as reservoirs of energy, help insulate the body, protect vital organs, and maintain healthy skin and coat Enhances palatability and caloric density

Answer 67

Fats

Question 68

Required fat soluble vitamins

Answer 68

A,D,E,K

Question 69

Increased dietary fat requirements usually occur in

Answer 69

periods of lactation, growth, or increased physical activity

Question 70

Excessive fat consumption could lead to

Answer 70

Obesity or weight gain

Question 71

EFA's

Answer 71

Essential Fatty Acids

Question 72

Mammals can't synthesize EFA's so they must

Answer 72

consume them in food

Question 73

What are EFA's?

Answer 73

The building blocks of fats and primary components of vegetable and animal fats

Question 74

2 classifications of EFA's

Answer 74

1. Saturated | 2. Unsaturated

Question 75

Long carbon chains without a double bond

Answer 75

Saturated fats

Question 76

One or more bonds

Answer 76

Unsaturated

Question 77

EFA's functions

Answer 77

1. kidney and reproductive functions 2. cell membrane formation 3. prostglandin production

Question 78

Fatty acid deficiencies can cause

Answer 78

dermatological problems and impair wound healing

Question 79

Rapidly reversible if reintroduced orally or parenterally

Answer 79

fatty acid deficiency

Question 80

EFA's are found in

Answer 80

``` Salmon, herring, and mackerel walnuts and almonds dark green leafy veggies olive oil and flaxseed oil whole grains lean meats and eggs ```

Question 81

3 EFA's required for normal metabolism

Answer 81

1. linoleic acid 2. arachidonic acid 3. (alpha) linolenic acid

Question 82

Dogs require which 2 EFAs?

Answer 82

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Question 83

Cats require which 2 EFAs?

Answer 83

linleic and arachidonic

Question 84

Dogs can make _____________ from linleic or linolenic acids

Answer 84

arachidonic