Chapter's1 to 4 Flashcards by Sharline Singh

A process that requires cellular energy too be a substance against its concentration gradient is called

Active transport

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Cartilage heals poorly and in many instances does not heal or recover at all after severe injury, why not?

Cartilage lacks blood vessels because chondrocytes produce a substance that inhibits the formation of blood cells. This limits nutrient and oxygen delivery. Adult chondrocytes are terminally differentiated & can’t divide. Both avascularity & lack of cell division combine to minimize cartilage healing.

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A molecule of ___ contains all the codons to produce a particular polypeptide.

mRNA

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A malignant neoplasm is often called

Cancer

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A ___ is a mutant of a regulatory gene that causes cancer

Oncogene

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All of the following transport mechanisms are passive processes except

Vesicular transport

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Cell membranes are said to be __ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

Selectively permeable

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An alternate term for tumour is

Neoplasm

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Cancer cells…

May exhibit metastasis

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An impermeable carbohydrate often administered to a patient suffering from blood loss is

Dextran

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Before mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein it must be

Edited to remove introns and transported to the cytoplasm.

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Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

Squamous

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A change in a nucleotide sequence of a gene is termed a

Mutation

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What are the similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Both use carrier proteins and exhibit saturation.

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What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion is driven by concentration gradient and does not consume ATP and is passive. Active transport is active, consumes ATP and moves substances up its concentration gradient.

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A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

Cartilage

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Cell that store fat are called

Adipocytes

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A patient suffers blood loss and is given IV fluids that contain an impermeable carbohydrate called dextran which serves to

Increase osmolarity of the blood.

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Breathing faster and seeped eliminates more carbon dioxide from the blood than normal breathing. Under these circumstances

More carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood.

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Cells that are specialized for secretion

Exhibit polarity.

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Adhesions between andominopelvic organs occur when

Serious membranes are damaged.

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A gene is a set of specific instructions that

Indicate the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

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An epilithial cell can be divided into two functional regions ___ and basal surface.

Apical surface.

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Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or kidney disease, malnutrition or heart failure is known as

Ascites.

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A herniated disk is an injury of the pass of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from a normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

Fibrous cartilage.

Blood is which type of tissue?

Connective

A DNA nucleotide is composed of

A nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group.

A cell duplicates is chromosomes during the _____

S phase

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of the cell is called

Hypotonic

Analysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains some DNA, RNA and membrane components such as phospholipids. What kind of secretion is this and why?

The presence of DNA, RNA and phospholipids indicate the cell was destroyed during the secretion process. This is consistent with holocrine secretion.

Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by

tRNA

A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the flowing is a possible property of the process?

All of the above

Before a cell divides it DNA must be replicated to

Supply each cell with a full set of the genetic material.

A ___ is a series of ribosomes attached to the same mRNA

Polyribosome or polysome

All of the following are true of neurons except that

They are specialized form of connective tissue

A defensive cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates

Phagocytosis

A biology student accidentally mixed up her slides. One is an intestine, the other and esophagus. How do you decide which is which?

The intestine is modelled for absorption therefore it will show one layer of epithelium lining the cavity. The cells would be cuboidal/columnar and have microvilli on the surface to increase surface area. The esophagus receives undefeated food it would have stratified epithelium of squamous cells to protect it

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed an

Occluding junction

As each codon arrives at the active transport site of a ribosome it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon. This molecule is called

tRNA

As genes are functionally eliminated the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it can make. This specialization process is called

Differentiation

"Spikes" form on blood cells when it is placed in a __ solution.

Hypertonic.

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

Mesenchymal stem cells

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus therefore it

Can't make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months

A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelial is the

Lamina lucida

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by __ that blocks the growth of blood vessels

Chondrocytes

Cartilage is separated from surrounding by a fibrous

Perichondrium

Antibodies are produced by

Plasmocytes

Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow down when a similar amino acid is added to the extra cellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by

Facilitated diffusion

A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single in branched duct would be called

Simple alveolar

A ___ is a homogenous mixture containing a solvent and solute

Solution

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called

Endergonic

Someone lying face down is in the __ position

Prone

An example of an organic substance are

Lipid, nucleus acid and protein

An amino acid is to a protein as __ is to a nucleic acid.

Nucleotide

An important buffer in body fluids is

NaHCO3 or sodium bicarbonate

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

Atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of the molecules they are apart of

A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a __ section

Parasagittal

A __ removes hydrogen ions and a __ releases hydrogen ions

Base and acid

Anatomy uses a special language called ___ that involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease.

Medical terminology

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

Glycogen

A + B is to decomposition as A+B > AB is to

Synthesis

By weight which element is the second most abundant in the human body

Carbon

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

All systems in an organism are interdependent

Adenine and guanine are

Purines represented by A and G

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called an

R group

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can

All answers are correct

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleus acids cytosine would pair with the base

Guanine

A person lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling is in the __ position

Supine

An example of an inorganic substance is

Water and carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular function is an example of

Systemic physiology

Carbohydrate molecules

Are the bodies most available source of energy

An anatomical term that means the same as central

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the

Carboxylate acid group

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates

Surface tension

All of the following are true concerning enzymes except that they

Are consumed during reactions

Anatomy is to__ as physiology is to___

Structure and function

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control centre in negative feedback is termed

An effector

Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by

Enzymes

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the

Anatomical position

Midsagittal plane would cross though the

Heart

Blood has a very narrow pH level while urine has a very broad range. What does this indicate about the system or physiology?

Homeostasis requires that their be a balance for healthy living. So urine is broad because it is there to flush out hydrogen ions to stabilize pH levels

A __ is a pure substance containing only one type of atom

Element

High energy ATP is present between

Phosphate groups 1-2 and phosphate groups 2-3

An example of a negative receptor controlling body temperature

Temperature sensors on skin defending a stimulus

Atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons is a

Isotope

Which element is most abundant in the body

Oxygen

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

Saturated

A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds is

Polyunsaturated

Anatomical features that change during illness is the study of __ anatomy

Pathological

AMP+ P =

ADP

Alaska natives have low levels of heart disease despite eating diets high in fat and cholesterol. Why is this?

They consume a lot of omega 3 fatty acids

A ___ is a covalent bond with an unusually large part amount of energy.

High energy bond

A shortage of steroids results in the shortage of

Sex hormones and plasma membranes

A solution containing equal levels of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

Neutral

An unequal sharing of electrons leads to ___ chemical bonds

Polar covalent

A point change involves a change in a

Single nucleotide