Chapter Seven: Exam One

Question 1

Satisfying a child’s basic needs with care, consistency, and continuity makes babies feel secure and appeases their first crisis of psychosocial development called:

Answer 1

trust versus mistrust

Question 2

Jen is sitting on her mom’s lap looking at pictures on her mother’s iPhone. Jen points to a picture of herself and her dad and says, “I!” What age would you estimate Jen to be?

Answer 2

16 months

Question 3

Emily is playing with her baby Bella, making faces to encourage smiles and tickling her feet as she giggles. The minute Bella starts to show a frown, Emily picks up Bella to soothe her. Emily is showing

Answer 3

synchrony

Question 4

A child who seeks contact when distressed would be considered:

Answer 4

secure

Question 5

Infant and toddler daycare is potentially detrimental to development when:
Caregivers are well-trained professionals.
The environment is clean and safe.
There is a low caregiver-to-infant ratio.
Language-communication is kept to a minimum.

Answer 5

There is a low caregiver-to-infant ratio.

Question 6

An infant’s social smile appears when? What is it evoked by?

Answer 6

6 weeks; evoked by viewing human faces

Question 7

When does an infant start laughing? Laughter is often associated with _____

Answer 7

3 to 4 months; often associated with curiosity

Question 8

An infant’s first expressions of anger begin at around what age?
Anger is a healthy response to _____

Answer 8

6 months

frustration

Question 9

Sadness indicates _____ and is accompanied by…

Sadness is a _____ experience for infants

Answer 9

indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol
stressful experience for infants

Question 10

Fear emerges at about what age? in response to what? two types of fear in infants include…

Answer 10

emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations
stranger wariness and separation anxiety

Question 11

What is stranger wariness in infants?

Answer 11

infant no longer smiles at any friendly face, but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar face moves too close

Question 12

What is separation anxiety in infants? At what age should a caregiver be worried if this behavior continues and why?

Answer 12

Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves, it it remains strong after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder

Question 13

Toddler’s emotions: ____ and ____ become less frequent and more focused

Answer 13

anger and fear

Question 14

Toddler’s emotions: laughing and crying become…

Answer 14

louder and more discriminating

Question 15

What new emotions appear in a toddler?

Answer 15

pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt

Question 16

Toddler’s emotions: require what two things?

Answer 16

requires an awareness of other people

requires an awareness of the self

Question 17

What is self-awareness?

Answer 17

The realization that one’s body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people

Question 18

self-awareness: the first 4 months…

Answer 18

infants have no sense of self; may see themselves as part of their mothers

Question 19

self-awareness: at 5 months…

Answer 19

begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers

Question 20

Describe what the mirror recognition experiment did

Answer 20

Babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses

Question 21

What were the results of the mirror recognition experiment?

Answer 21

None of those younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them
15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity

Question 22

What emotions emerge at birth?

Answer 22

crying, contentment

Question 23

What emotion emerges at 6 weeks?

Answer 23

social smile

Question 24

What emotions emerge at 3 months?

Answer 24

laughter, curiosity

Question 25

What emotion emerges at 4 months?

Answer 25

full, responsive smiles

Question 26

What emotion emerges at 4-8 months?

Answer 26

anger

Question 27

What emotion emerges at 9-14 months?

Answer 27

fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver)

Question 28

What emotion emerges at 12 months?

Answer 28

fear of unexpected sights and sounds

Question 29

What emotions emerge at 18 months?

Answer 29

self-awareness; pride, shame, embarrassment

Question 30

What two things can influence the norms of development, especially for emotional development after the first 8 months?

Answer 30

culture and experience

Question 31

A friend tells you she is worried about her 12-month-old daughter because she has displayed characteristics of separation anxiety every time she leaves for work. Should she be worried?

Answer 31

No, should only be worried if the behavior consists after she turns 3 years old

Question 32

Emotional self-regulation is directly connected to...

Answer 32

the anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 33

Particular people begin to arouse specific emotions. For example, toddlers... Memory triggers specific ____ based on previous experiences

Answer 33

toddlers get angry when teased by an older sibling or react with fear when entering the doctor's office emotions

Question 34

What does the hypothalamus do? | It may grow more slowly if an infant is often ____

Answer 34

regulates various bodily functions and hormone production | stressed

Question 35

____ is a form of chronic stress that has potential long-term effects on a child's emotional development

Answer 35

abuse

Question 36

Excessive ____ in infants must be prevented

Answer 36

stress

Question 37

Spanking: shame on who? Not on toddlers, who are naturally _____ and ____ but maybe not on the father either. Both depression and spanking are affected by...

Answer 37

curious and careless | financial stress, marital conflict, and cultural norms

Question 38

How can we help infants avoid stress?

Answer 38

supporting new mothers, involving new fathers in the care of the infant, strengthening the parent's relationship, programs aimed to reduce financial stress for parents

Question 39

What is temperament?

Answer 39

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation

Question 40

Temperament is _____, originating in the ____ but affected by _____ _____

Answer 40

epigenetic; genes; child-rearing practices

Question 41

The found 4 categories of infant temperament, what are they? %?

Answer 41

Easy (40%) Difficult (10%) Slow to warm up (15%) Hard to classify (35%)

Question 42

The N.Y. Longitudinal Study Findings (started in the 1960s) also found that parenting practices are ____ and that temperament can...

Answer 42

crucial; change or be changed

Question 43

N.Y. Longitudinal Study Findings (started in the 1960s) | Later, research confirmed and replicated temperament styles of childhood and they are... describe

Answer 43

``` Effortful control (ability to pay attention) Negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy) Surgency (activity, sociability) ```

Question 44

Each of the three dimensions (effortful control, negative mood, surgency) is associated with...

Answer 44

distinctive brain patterns as well as behavior, and each predicts later personality

Question 45

What is synchrony?

Answer 45

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

Question 46

Synchrony in the first few months becomes more ____ and more _____

Answer 46

frequent, elaborate

Question 47

Synchrony helps infants...

Answer 47

helps infants learn to read others emotions and to develop the skills of social interaction

Question 48

Synchrony usually begins with...

Answer 48

parents imitating infants

Question 49

What happens in a still-face technique experiment?

Answer 49

an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face to face interaction with the infant

Question 50

How do babies feel about the still-face technique?

Answer 50

Babies are very upset by the still face and show signs of stress

Question 51

What conclusions follow from the still-face technique experiment?

Answer 51

a parent's responsiveness to an infant aids psychological and biological development Infant's brains need social interaction to develop to their fullest potential

Question 52

Attachment involves...

Answer 52

the lasting emotional bond that one person has with another

Question 53

Attachment begins to form in early ____ and influences a person's...

Answer 53

infancy; close relationships throughout life

Question 54

Attachment overtakes _____ | Demonstrated through...

Answer 54

synchrony | proximity-seeking; contact-maintaining

Question 55

Stage of attachment at birth-6 weeks?

Answer 55

preattachment

Question 56

Stage of attachment at 6 weeks-8 months?

Answer 56

attachment in the making

Question 57

Stage of attachment at 8 months-2 years?

Answer 57

classic secure attachment

Question 58

Stage of attachment at 2-6 years?

Answer 58

attachment as launching pad

Question 59

Stage of attachment at 8-12 years?

Answer 59

mutual attachment

Question 60

Stage of attachment at 12-18 years?

Answer 60

new attachment figures

Question 61

Stage of attachment at 18 years on?

Answer 61

attachment revisited

Question 62

Describe secure attachment (type _)

Answer 62

relationship (type B) in which infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Question 63

Describe insecure-avoidant attachment (type _)

Answer 63

the pattern of attachment (type A) in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

Question 64

Describe insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type _)

Answer 64

(type C) An infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion

Question 65

Describe disorganized attachment (type _)

Answer 65

(type D) A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

Question 66

``` If a child is type A insecure-avoidant, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers? ```

Answer 66

In the playroom: the child plays happily When the mother leaves: the child continues playing When the mother returns: the child ignores her 10-20%

Question 67

``` If a child is type B secure, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers? ```

Answer 67

In the playroom: child plays happily When the mother leaves: child pauses, is not as happy When the mother returns: child welcomes her, returns to playing 50-70%

Question 68

``` If a child is type C insecure-resistant/ambivalent, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers? ```

Answer 68

In the playroom: child clings, preoccupied with mom When the mother leaves: child is unhappy, may stop playing When the mother returns: child is angry, may cry, hit mom, cling 10-20%

Question 69

``` If a child is type D disorganized, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers? ```

Answer 69

In the playroom: child is cautious When the mother leaves: child may stare/yell, looks scared/confused When the mother returns: Child acts oddly, may scream, hits self, throws things 5-10%

Question 70

Secure attachment is more likely if:

Answer 70

1. The parent is usually sensitive and responsive to the infant's needs 2. The infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony 3. The infant's temperament is "easy" 4. The parents are not stressed about income, other children, or their marriage

Question 71

Insecure attachment is more likely if:

Answer 71

1. The parent mistreats the child (neglect increases type A, abuse increases type C and D) 2. The mother is mentally ill (paranoia increases type D, depression increases type C) 3. The parents are highly stressed about income, other children, or their marriage (parental stress increases types A and D) 4. The parents are intrusive and controlling (parental domination increases type A) 5. Parents are active alcoholics (alcoholic father increases type A, alcoholic mother increases type D) 6. The child's temperament is "difficult" (type C) 7. The child's temperament is "slow to warm up (type A)

Question 72

Describe the strange situation

Answer 72

laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infant's reactions to the stress of various adult's comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom

Question 73

Key observed behaviors in the strange situation; What does a secure child do?

Answer 73

1. exploration of the toys; a secure toddler plays happily 2. reaction to the caregiver's departure; a secure child misses the caregiver 3. reaction to the caregiver's return; a secure toddler welcomes the caregiver's reappearance

Question 74

Findings (development of social bonds) harsh contexts, especially the stresses of _____, reduce the incidence of ____ attachment ____ attachment correlates with many later problems

Answer 74

poverty; secure | insecure

Question 75

_____ attachment may be a sign but may not be the direct cause of later problems Attachment behaviors in the strange situation constitute only one indication of the quality of the ______

Answer 75

insecure | parent-child relationship

Question 76

Insights from Romania In the early 1990s, thousands of children were adopted from Romanian orphanages. Many of these children displayed _____ outcomes Research on them confirms that _____ _____, not genetics, is the main problem

Answer 76

adverse | early experience

Question 77

``` Describe adult attachment styles _____ perspective _____ relationships in adulthood May be related to earlier _____ (______ model) _____ effects of attachment ```

Answer 77

``` lifespan perspective close relationships in adulthood maybe related to earlier attachment ("internal working" model) cumulative effects of attachment ```

Question 78

``` Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) Secure: Dismissing: Preoccupied self: Fearful: ```

Answer 78

Secure: (positive self-positive others) Dismissing: (positive self-negative others) Preoccupied self: (negative self-positive others) Fearful: (negative self-negative others)