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HDFS 2010 > Chapter Three: Exam One > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Exam One Flashcards

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1
Q

How much DNA do monozygotic (MZ) twins share?

A

100%

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2
Q

How much DNA do dizygotic (DZ) twins share?

A

50%

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3
Q

How much DNA do full biological siblings share?

A

50%?

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4
Q

Which of the following statements about reproduction and sex of an embryo is TRUE?
Sex is determined by the father’s genetic contribution.
More female than male embryos are conceived.
Sex is determined by the mother’s genetic contribution.
Worldwide, more males are born than females.

A

Sex is determined by the father’s genetic contribution.

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5
Q

The process in which cells begin to specialize, take on different forms, and reproduce at different rates is called

A

differentiation

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6
Q

The process in which cells begin to specialize, take on different forms, and reproduce at different rates is called

A

differentiation

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7
Q

What does it mean to have a recessive gene disorder?

A

Both parents must be carriers of the allele

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8
Q 
Which of the following is a dominant gene disorder? 
Alcoholism 
Down Syndrome
Huntingdon's Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
A

Huntingdon’s Disease

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9
Q 
Which of the following is a recessive gene disorder? 
Alcoholism 
Down Syndrome
Huntingdon's Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
A

Cystic Fibrosis

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10
Q

Which of the following is a good reason for a couple to receive genetic counseling before they plan a pregnancy?
They have a high history of fertility
They have diverse ethnic backgrounds
They have relatives with serious genetic disorders
The woman is under 30

A

They have relatives with serious genetic disorders

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11
Q

What is DNA? It promotes _____ and sustains ____

A

Deoxyribonucleuc acid
Molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins
Promotes growth and sustains life

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12
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Molecules of DNA

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13
Q

DNA consists of ____ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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14
Q

Humans usually possess ____ chromosomes

44 autos one and 2….termed the…

A

46; 2 sex chromosomes termed the 23rd pair

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15
Q

For females the 23rd pair is ___

For males the 23rd pair is ___

A

XX

XY

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16
Q

Sex of offspring depends on…

A

Whether the father’s Y sperm or X sperm fertilizes the ovum

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17
Q

What is DNA?

DNA promotes _____ and sustains _____

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins
promotes growth and sustains life

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18
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

molecules of DNA

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19
Q

DNA consists of ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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20
Q

Humans usually possess ___ chromosomes

44 of which are ______ and 2 ____ chromosomes termed the _____

A

46

autosomes; sex; 23rd pair

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21
Q

the 23rd pair for…
females:
males:

A

females: XX
males: XY

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22
Q

Sex of the offspring depends on…

A

whether the father’s Y sperm or X sperm fertilizes the ovum

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23
Q

After fertilization, the zygote begins…and then…

Study These Flashcards
A

duplication and division, and then differentiation and specialization

24
Q

In differentiation, cells… (no longer ___)

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A

cells form a specialized type of cell (no longer stem)

25
What is a gene? how many genes do we have?
a specific section of a chromosome | we have 20,000 genes
26
Describe an allele
the thing that varies in our genomes Chemicals are overwhelmingly binary (it's either one nucleobase or the other out of four possible pairs; A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C)
27
homozygous genes
two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of the
28
heterozygous genes
two genes of one pair that differ in some way
29
``` Genetic variants (i.e., alleles) are passed down from... you share about ____ your DNA with each parent (your ___ biological siblings) ```
generation to generation | half; full
30
What is a genotype?
an organism's genetic inheritance, or genetic potential | the combination of all alleles across all genes that are unique for each organism
31
What is a phenotype?
observable characteristics of an organism, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits
32
What is a polygenic trait?
the trait is influenced by many genes
33
What is a multifactorial trait?
trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype (pretty much everything we study)
34
Monozygotic (_____) twins 1. originate from... 2. incomplete split results in... 3. Same ____ but slight variations in ____ are possible due to _____ influences
identical 1. one zygote that splits apart very early in development 2. conjoined twins 3. genotype; phenotype; environmental
35
Dizygotic (_____) twins 1. result from... 2. Dizygotic twins have ____ their genes in common and occur ____ as often as monozygotic twins 3. Incidence is genetic and varies by _____ and ___
fraternal 1. fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm 2. half; twice 3. ethnicity and age
36
In either case, MZ and DZ twins share their environments (parents, household, etc.), but it’s the degree of _____ similarity that varies! A “natural” (_______-) experiment
genetic; quasi
37
If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins on some trait, that trait is probably more influenced by their shared _______ If MZ and DZ twins are about the same in similarity, then that trait is probably more influenced by their shared ____________ If MZ and DZ twins aren’t similar (correlations do not equal +/- 1.0), then this is due to...
genes environment non-shared environmental influence
38
Shared Environmental Influences on Personality: A Combined Twin and Adoption Approach: Key takeaway: personality is influenced by...
additive genetics and nonshared environmental influence
39
What is the microbiome?
All of the microbes (bacteria, viruses, and so on) that live in every part of our bodies
40
There are _____ of varieties of microbes; estimated that each microbe has 3 million different _____
thousands; genes
41
The microbiome has an influence on _____, _____, _____, and _____
immunity, weight, diseases, and mood
42
The "gut" is a second ______ - importance of _______
brain; nutrition
43
What are additive genes?
effect of genes, added up, throughout the entire genome in connection with some aspect of the phenotype
44
Most psychological traits appear to be _____ in nature, but we don't know which _____ variants are associated with which psychological traits, yet.
additive; genetic
45
Alcoholism probably has a(n) ______ genetic basis Lots of genetic variants have a(n) _____ pull in some people. _____ conditions can modify the genetic effects Thus, ______ and ______ in complex ways
additive addictive Environmental Nature and Nurture
46
Describe the dominant-recessive pattern
The dominant gene is more influential than the recessive gene (i.e., non-additive influence). At least two genes are influencing the phenotype
47
The dominant gene can... | Example?
completely control the phenotype with no noticeable effect of the recessive gene. E.g., eye color: the allele for brown eyes is a dominant one, whereas the allele for blue eyes is a recessive one
48
``` What is Down Syndrome? Chances increase as...Why? 1 in ___ chance at age 20 1 in ___ chance at age 39 1 in ___ chance at age 44 ```
``` Trisonomy-21 (3 copies of Chromosome 21) chances increase (for the baby) as women get older because their eggs are old 1 in 800 at 20 1 in 67 at 39 1 in 16 at 44 ```
49
``` What is Down Syndrome? Chances increase as...Why? 1 in ___ chance at age 20 1 in ___ chance at age 39 1 in ___ chance at age 44 ```
``` Trisonomy-21 (3 copies of Chromosome 21) chances increase (for the baby) as women get older because their eggs are old 1 in 800 at 20 1 in 67 at 39 1 in 16 at 44 ```
50
What is Huntington's Disease? dominant or recessive disorder? inherit the allele from what?
Duplication; Dominant gene disorder; inherit the allele from either parent (4th chromosome, HD gene)
51
What are the symptoms of Huntington's Disease? Symptoms do not appear until _____ ____ testing available
changes in personality, cognition and physical ability, chorea (rigid, muscle movement) Adulthood Genetic
52
What is Cystic Fibrosis? dominant or recessive disorder? how is it inherited?
Deletion; Recessive gene disorder; both parents must be carriers to be affected (7th chromosome, CFTR gene)
53
What are the symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis? symptoms often do not appear until ____ _____ testing available
accumulation of mucus that affects lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestine; early death adulthood genetic
54
There are many more (81-83) gene disorders mostly due to ______ or ______ of genes E.g., ...
``` duplications or deletions Fragile X (duplication, associated with MR) ```
55
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? recessive or dominant? A buildup of phenylalanine causes: _____ _____ and a _____ _____ usually results in normal development
recessive condition mutation in PAH gene results in an inability to metabolize phenylalanine (an amino acid found in many acids) brain damage, progressive MR, and other symptoms Early testing; special diet
56
What is genetic counseling? What does it enable?
Consultation and testing by trained professionals Enables prospective parents to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that may be passed on to their offspring
57
What are the ethical guidelines of genetic counseling?
testing results are kept confidential | decisions regarding sterilization, adoption, abortion, or carrying a pregnancy to term are made by the clients

HDFS 2010 (7 decks)

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