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HDFS 2010 > Chapter Four: Exam One > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Exam One Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

T/F: At the end of the third month of conception, the fetus has all of its body parts

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Fetuses jump in response to sudden noises

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: When drugs such as marijuana and alcohol are taken together, a higher dosage is required before either become harmful

A

False

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4
Q

T/F: If the mother carries the virus that causes AIDS, nothing can be done to prevent the fetus from becoming infected

A

False

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5
Q

T/F: Officially, a baby’s “due date” is established as 38 weeks after conception.

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: Malnutrition is the primary reason teenage girls have small babies

A

True

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7
Q

At what point after conception can pregnancy be confirmed through urine testing?

A

After implantation

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8
Q

At what point after conception can pregnancy be confirmed through urine testing?

A

After implantation

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9
Q

The most critical period of vulnerability to teratogens occurs during:

A

the embryonic period

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10
Q

What year did alcohol labels begin printing warnings to pregnant mothers?

A

1989

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11
Q

The order of prenatal growth stages before birth is:

A

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

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12
Q

What/when is the germinal period?

A

1st two weeks after conception: rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation

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13
Q

What/when is the embryonic period?

A

The 3rd-8th week after conception: basic forms of all body structures develop

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14
Q

What/when is the fetal period?

A

9th week-birth: fetus grows in size and matures in functioning

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15
Q

What happens in the germinal period?

A
  1. The zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception
  2. Development of the placenta
  3. Implantation
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16
Q

What is the placenta?

A

the organ that surrounds the developing embryo

sustains life via the umbilical cord

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17
Q

What is implantation? When does it occur?

A

about 10 days after conception (germinal period) developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus

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18
Q

What is the vulnerability of the germinal period?

A

about 1/2 of conceptions fail to grow or implant properly and thus do not survive the germinal period, most of these organisms are grossly abnormal

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19
Q

What happens in the embryonic period?

A
  1. It begins when the primitive streak appears down the middle of the cell mass.
  2. Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later the brain and spinal column
  3. Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
  4. Heart pulsate
  5. Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate
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20
Q

What is the vulnerability of the embryonic period?

A

about 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously, most often because of chromosomal abnormalities

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21
Q

What happens in the fetal period?

A
  1. Genitals form
  2. sex hormones cause differences in brain organization
  3. heartbeat is detectable via stethoscope
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22
Q

_____ is not fully mature at birth

A

cortex

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23
Q

____ at birth is the biggest part of the baby

A

the brain

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24
Q

What is the vulnerability of the fetal period?

A

about 5% percent are aborted spontaneously before viability at 22 weeks or are stillborn

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25
What does stillborn mean?
born dead after 22 weeks
26
What is the age of viability? When is it?
age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care about 22 weeks after conception
27
At the age of viability, the ____ is able to regulate basic body functions Chances of survival ____ with each day after the age of viability
brain | increase
28
What happens in order for birth to occur?
The fetal brain signals the release of hormones to trigger the mother's uterine muscles; labor begins
29
Average labor duration for first babies is: | ____ labor for later babies
12 hours | quicker
30
What is the vulnerability of birth?
about 31% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn babies
31
Describe the newborn's first minutes
1. usually cry spontaneously 2. color change from bluish to pinkish 3. eyes open 4. fingers grab 5. toes stretch
32
What is the Apgar Scale? When is it completed? What are the scores/desired score?
1. quick assessment of a newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflex irritability; created by a nurse 2. completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth) 3. score of 0, 1, 2 in each category; the desired score is a 7 or above
33
Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Color 0: 1: 2:
0: blue, pale 1: body pink, extremities blue 2: entirely pink
34
Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Heartbeat 0: 1: 2:
0: absent 1: slow (below 100) 2: rapid (over 100)
35
Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Reflex Irritability 0: 1: 2:
0: no response 1: grimace 2: coughing, sneezing, crying
36
Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Muscle Tone 0: 1: 2:
0: flaccid, limp 1: weak, inactive 2: strong, active
37
Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Respiratory Effort 0: 1: 2:
0: absent 1: irregular, slow 2: good; the baby is crying
38
Describe cesarean section 1. What is it? 2. The fetus can be removed ____ 3. Less ____ for the newborn but slower ____ for the mother 4. _____ cesarean deliveries may be necessary
a surgical birth fetus can be removed quickly less trauma for the newborn but slower recovery for the mother subsequent c-sections may be necessary
39
C-section: lower rates in _____ countries higher rates in _____ countries ____ of births in the U.S. are c-sections
poorer richer 1/3
40
What is a doula?
a woman who helps with labor, delivery, breastfeeding, and a newborn care
41
What is the use of a doula associated with?
DECREASED labor length, use of labor-induced drugs, use of pain medication by mother during labor, the rate of c-sections, lessens post-partum depression
42
Infant mortality has decreased due to... 1990: __% infant mortality Today: <1 in ___ (___% of all infants born) But still, the US has ____ rates than other wealthy countries
better medical care 5% <1 in 250, .004% higher
43
Childbirth has become safer for _____ The death rate in poorest nations: Yet, the US still has climbing rates of...?
mothers 1 in 20 women maternal childbirth mortality
44
___ deaths per 100,000 live births for white women ___ deaths per 100,000 live births for black women ___ deaths per 100,000 live births for women of other races
12. 4 40. 0 17. 8
45
Pregnant women can ensure a healthy newborn by avoiding ____ which are...
teratogens; substances and conditions that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects, or death
46
Teratogens include...
environmental conditions/chemicals, viruses and infections, drugs and medications, metabolic imbalance, radiation, etc
47
Teratogens have been associated with _____ ______ obvious at birth some ____ ____ do not become evident for months or years
some associated with birth defects structural abnormalities behavioral effects
48
Describe risk analysis | What is teratology?
knowing which risks are worth taking; how to minimize chance of harm science of risk analysis
49
What is the threshold effect?
When a teratogen is harmless in small doses but becomes harmful at a certain level (threshold) - remains controversial
50
Pregnancy | Caffeine: effects, use
normal use: no problems | avoid excessive use, no more than 3 cups a day of beverages containing caffeine
51
Pregnancy | Alcohol: effects, use
may cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol effects (FAE) stop or severely limit alcohol consumption 3 or more drinks a day or 5 or more on one occasion is considered dangerous
52
Pregnancy | Tobacco: effects, use
increases the risk of malformations of limbs and urinary tract; may affect the baby's lungs - stop. smoking.
53
Pregnancy | Marijuana: effects, use
heavy exposure may affect CNS; when smoked, may hinder fetal growth AVOID or strictly limit
54
Pregnancy | Heroin: effects, use
slows fetal growth and may cause premature labor; babies with heroin in their bloodstream require medical treatment to prevent the pain/convulsions of withdrawal get treated for addiction before pregnancy; if already pregnant start a gradual withdrawal on methadone
55
Pregnancy | Cocaine: effects, use
may cause slow fetal growth, premature labor, and learning problems in early life STOP USE
56
``` Pregnancy Inhaled solvents (glue, aerosol): effects, use ```
may cause abnormally small head, crossed eyes, and other indications of brain damage STOP
57
Describe preterm | usually associated with...
when birth that occurs at 35 or fewer weeks after conception | low birthweight
58
describe small for gestational age (SGA) | suggests...
birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception suggests impairment throughout prenatal development and serious problems
59
What is a low birth weight?
less than 2500 grams (5 1/2 pounds) at birth
60
In the US, there has been a steady ____ in LBW over the past 25 years __% of newborns are seriously underweight more susceptible to...
increase 8% teratogens, higher birth risks, lower survival rate
61
What is a very low birth weight?
under 1500 grams (3 pounds 5 oz) at birth
62
What is an extremely low birth weight?
under 1000 grams (2 pounds, 3 oz) at birth
63
What are the causes of low birth weight?
1. teratogens, like tobacco and drug use 2. Genetic predisposition 3. Low weight gain in birth mother 4. inadequate nutrition 5. vitamin deficiency
64
About __ of all women experience physical problems after birth
1/2
65
About __ and ___ % of women experience postpartum depression, feelings of... symptoms... may involve... varied causes: ...
8-15% sadness and inadequacy symptoms from baby blues to postpartum psychosis may involve struggles with adequate baby care varied causes: changes in hormones, stress
66
Bonding ____ ____ can have lingering impacts on later life Mothers and fathers should help with...if...
birth complications | early caregiving if newborn must stay in the hospital
67
What is kangaroo care? Allows... | Research confirms...
a child-care technique in which the mother of an LBW infant holds the baby between the breasts; allows baby to hear the mother's heartbeat and feel her body heat beneficial effects

HDFS 2010 (7 decks)

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