individual differences
are the many attributes such as traits and behaviors that describe each of us as a person
relatively fixed
stable over time and across situations and are difficult to change; intelligence and personality
relatively flexible
emotions and attidudes
intelligence
represents an individual’s capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning and problem solving
linguistic intelligence
potential to learn and use spoken and written langauges
logical mathematical intelligence
potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis and mathematical calculation
musical intelligence
potential to appreciate compose and perform music
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
spatial intelligence
potential to recognize and use patterns
interpersonal intelligence
potential to understand connect with and effectively work with others
intrapersonal intelligence
potential to understand regulate yourself
naturalist intelligence
potential to love in harmony with your environment
Gardner’s Eight intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalizt
practical intelligence
is the ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape and select environment…everyday problem solving
Thurstone’s right primary mental abilities
- verbal
- number
- perceptual speed
- rote memory
- inductive reasoning
- deductive reasoning
- word fluency
- space or visualization
lumpers
believe that underlying intelligence lies a general reasoning ability =g
splitters
believe that specific abilities like for example mathematical,verbal and spatial underlie performance
what was the father of the lumpers?
Speaman, he argured that “g” was mental energy
two factor theory
-“g” and test specific factors “s”
evidence for g
- different mental tests tend to rank order individuals in the same way
- people who do well on one test tend to do well on others
- the overlap suggests that all such tests measure some global element of intellectual ability
Father of Splitters
Thurstone, he that Spearman was wrong
What is one of the best predictors of job performance?
General Mental ability (GMA)
quantity and quality(types of data)
affected by extraneous factors,
can distort direction of effort
personnel data
attendance, career progression and accidents
ratings
biased
personality
the combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristic that give individuals their unique identities
five dimensions of personality
ocean
o
openness to experience
c
conscientiousness
e
emotional stability
a
agreeableness
n
neuroticism
proactive personality
is an attribute of someone “relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change. They show initiative and take on opportunities
what has the strongest effect on job performance?
conscientiousness
what has a smaller positive effect on job performance?
extroversion
A broad personality trait comprised of four narrow and positive individual traits
- Generalized self-efficacy
- self esteem
- locus of control
- emotional stability
self-efficacy
is a belief about your chances of successfully accomplishing a specific
self-esteem
is a general belief about your self-worth
-it is relatively stable across your lifetime but it can be improved
locus of control
describes how much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its consequences
External Locus of Control
Things happen to me.
I blame others for failures.
I can’t control the future
Internal Locus of Control
I make things happen.
I can determine my future.
I accept personal responsibility for failures.
emotional stability
is associated with a greater focus on and practice of workplace safety.
`emotional inelligence
the ability to monitor one’s own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them and use this information guide one’s thinking and action
key components of emotional intelligence
personal competence and social competence
emotions
complex, relatively brief response aimed at a particular person, information, experience or event
what is a “backward-looking” or retrospective emotion?
anger
what is a “forward-looking” or prospective emotion?
fear
display norms
rules that dictate which types of emotions are expected and appropriate for their members to show.