Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Good Calories, Bad Calories > Chapter Twenty-two THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS, II: INSULIN > Flashcards

Chapter Twenty-two THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS, II: INSULIN Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common belief about carbohydrates and weight gain?

A

Carbohydrate is fattening

This belief is widely acknowledged among women.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What role does insulin play in fat formation?

A

Insulin increases the formation of fat

This has been observed in both dogs and diabetic patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who rejected the idea of an ‘endocrine abnormality’ as a cause of obesity in 1929?

A

Louis Newburgh

He insisted that all fat people had a perverted appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the medical consensus regarding obesity and hormones in 1955?

A

Obesity was not attributed to endocrine disturbance

This view was held despite the inability to measure relevant hormones accurately.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Jean Mayer observe about the role of hormones in obesity?

A

Hormones may have been eliminated from consideration as a cause of obesity

Evidence continued to show insulin’s effect on hunger and fat deposition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the reasonable position regarding obesity and hormonal influence?

A

Obesity requires eating more than expended energy

The influence of hormone concentrations is still uncertain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ‘diabetogenous obesity’?

A

Obesity and diabetes are consequences of the same underlying defects

This concept was proposed by Carl von Noorden.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the primary symptom of severe diabetes (Type 1)?

A

Glycosuria

This occurs when the body cannot utilize blood sugar for energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What distinguishes obese patients from those with severe diabetes?

A

Obese patients can convert blood sugar into fat and store it

They do not excrete sugar in urine as diabetics do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Wilhelm Falta argue about insulin in the treatment of underweight patients?

A

Insulin governs carbohydrate usage and fat assimilation

He believed a functional pancreas is necessary for fattening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was the reported weight gain of patients treated with insulin in the 1930s?

A

Patients could gain as much as six pounds a week

This was observed with carbohydrate-rich meals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the clinical dilemma faced by diabetics regarding insulin therapy?

A

Weight gain from insulin therapy leads to reluctance in continuing treatment

Patients often desire to remain lean.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did James Rosenzweig report about weight gain in insulin-treated patients?

A

Weight gains of 2.0 to 4.5 kg were reported

This led to increased insulin resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the interpretation of insulin’s effect on weight by Louis Newburgh?

A

Insulin increases weight by lowering blood sugar

This causes patients to overeat to avoid hypoglycemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hypothesis did Denis McGarry propose regarding diabetes and insulin?

A

Insulin’s primary role may be in fat metabolism, not just glucose metabolism

This challenges traditional views established by Minkowski’s observations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary symptom of diabetes is _______.

A

glycosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False: Insulin was initially believed to have no role in fattening humans.

A

True

This belief persisted despite evidence to the contrary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Rony’s review in 1940 question about insulin’s role in obesity?

A

Whether a latent form of hyperinsulinism exists that promotes fat deposition

This idea remained a working hypothesis without conclusive evidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is produced in the liver from the conversion of fat into ketone bodies?

A

Acetone

Acetone is a key indicator of fat metabolism and can be detected in the breath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the major conclusion of Banting’s work regarding insulin?

A

Insulin plays a preeminent role in the control of fat metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How has diabetes traditionally been perceived?

A

As a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was the focus of research on insulin from the 1920s through the 1960s?

A

Blood sugar regulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What erroneous assumption about fat tissue was overturned by research from the 1920s to the 1960s?

A

That fat tissue is relatively inert.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

According to Hilde Bruch, what was the clinical investigators’ attitude towards fat metabolism research?

A

They were singularly uninterested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What did Hilde Bruch state about the knowledge of fat synthesis and oxidation in 1957?
It was quite rudimentary.
26
What are the three distinct phases of the revolution in understanding fat metabolism?
1. Realization of distinct structures of adipose tissue cells 2. Discovery of the Krebs cycle 3. Establishment of the role of fatty acids in energy supply.
27
Who demonstrated that adipose tissue cells are not simply connective tissue?
Rudolf Schoenheimer.
28
What did Schoenheimer's research reveal about cholesterol?
Animals continually synthesize and degrade their own cholesterol, independent of dietary intake.
29
What technique did Schoenheimer develop to study metabolism?
Labeling molecules with deuterium.
30
What is lipogenesis?
The creation of fat.
31
What is lipolysis?
The breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids.
32
What cycle generates energy in the mitochondria of cells?
The Krebs cycle.
33
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) often referred to as?
Energy currency.
34
What does the body primarily burn for fuel when blood sugar is elevated?
Carbohydrates.
35
What happens to the flow of fatty acids from fat tissue when carbohydrate reserves are tapped?
It accelerates to meet energy demands.
36
What percentage of energy needs can fat supply during fasting?
85 percent.
37
What role do fatty acids play when blood sugar levels drop?
They become the primary fuel source.
38
What is the relationship between fatty acids and glucose in fuel utilization?
Cells can use either, but prefer glucose when available.
39
What is the main site of active regulation of energy storage and mobilization?
Adipose tissue.
40
What are triglycerides composed of?
Three fatty acids linked to a glycerol backbone.
41
What is de novo lipogenesis?
The new creation of fat from carbohydrates.
42
Fill in the blank: The more carbohydrates flooding the circulation after a meal, the more will be converted to _______.
Triglycerides.
43
What does Wertheimer state about lipogenesis during carbohydrate availability?
It is accelerated considerably.
44
What process takes place in the liver and fat tissue to convert carbohydrates into fat?
Lipogenesis ## Footnote Lipogenesis is regulated by the state of nutrition, decreasing in carbohydrate deficiency and accelerating during carbohydrate availability.
45
What form do fats take when stored in fat cells?
Triglycerides ## Footnote Triglycerides must be broken down into fatty acids through lipolysis before they can escape into circulation.
46
What is the process called that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids?
Lipolysis ## Footnote Lipolysis allows fatty acids to escape into circulation and be used as fuel.
47
What is the process called that reconstitutes fatty acids into triglycerides?
Esterification ## Footnote Esterification occurs after fatty acids pass through blood vessel walls and fat-cell membranes.
48
What cycle involves the continuous breakdown and reassembly of triglycerides in fat cells?
Triglyceride/fatty-acid cycle ## Footnote This cycle involves the dynamic process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
49
What molecule plays a pivotal role in the regulation of fat metabolism?
Glycerol phosphate ## Footnote Glycerol phosphate is produced from glucose and is essential for assembling fatty acids into triglycerides.
50
What happens to fatty acids when blood sugar levels decrease?
Fatty-acid levels rise in the bloodstream ## Footnote This occurs because less glucose is transported into fat cells, leading to increased lipolysis.
51
What is the glucose/fatty-acid cycle also known as?
Randle cycle ## Footnote The Randle cycle describes the relationship between blood sugar and fatty acid levels in the bloodstream.
52
True or False: Insulin is the principal regulator of fat metabolism.
True ## Footnote Insulin stimulates glucose transport into fat cells, influencing fat storage and mobilization.
53
What hormone is responsible for promoting fat accumulation in adipose tissue?
Insulin ## Footnote Insulin works to deposit calories as fat and inhibit the use of fat for fuel.
54
Name at least three hormones that promote fat mobilization.
* Epinephrine * Norepinephrine * Glucagon ## Footnote These hormones work to release fat from adipose tissue.
55
What does an increase in insulin secretion lead to in terms of fat storage?
Greater fat accumulation ## Footnote Increased insulin secretion leads to more fatty acids being converted to triglycerides.
56
Fill in the blank: The storage of fat cannot take place unless _______ is being metabolized.
Glucose ## Footnote Glucose metabolism is essential for the production of glycerol phosphate, which is necessary for fat storage.
57
What dietary component is primarily responsible for the production of glycerol phosphate?
Carbohydrates ## Footnote More carbohydrates consumed leads to more glycerol phosphate available for fat accumulation.
58
What is the effect of refined carbohydrates on insulin secretion?
Increases insulin secretion ## Footnote Increased insulin secretion leads to greater accumulation of fat.
59
Which carbohydrate is considered the most lipogenic?
Fructose ## Footnote Fructose is converted more efficiently into glycerol phosphate than glucose, leading to increased triglyceride production.
60
What drives insulin secretion according to George Cahill?
Carbohydrate is driving insulin is driving fat.
61
Which carbohydrate is considered the most lipogenic?
Fructose.
62
What is the relationship between glucose and fructose in terms of insulin secretion?
Fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion; glucose is needed for that purpose.
63
How do glucose and fructose together affect fat synthesis?
They stimulate fat synthesis and fix fat in fat tissue more than glucose alone.
64
How sensitive are fat cells to insulin compared to other tissues?
Fat cells are 'exquisitely sensitive' to insulin.
65
What happens when insulin levels remain elevated?
Fat cells will accumulate fat and go without releasing it.
66
What is lipid trapping?
A condition where obesity begins to look preordained due to elevated insulin levels.
67
What did the mid-1960s establish about carbohydrates and insulin?
1. Carbohydrates prompt insulin secretion. 2. Insulin induces fat accumulation. 3. Dietary carbohydrates are required for excess fat accumulation. 4. Type 2 diabetics and the obese have abnormally elevated insulin levels.
68
What hypothesis did von Noorden propose in 1905?
The diabetogenous-obesity hypothesis.
69
True or False: Chronic hyperinsulinism favors the accumulation of body fat.
True.
70
What did Yalow and Berson observe about insulin responses?
There is 'great biologic variation' in insulin-secretory responses among individuals.
71
What can lead to tens of pounds of excess fat over a decade?
Variations of less than 1 percent in partitioning calories for fuel or storage as fat.
72
What can increase insulin and lead to excess body fat accumulation?
Anything that induces insulin resistance and prompts the pancreas to secrete more insulin.
73
What is Neel's first scenario regarding insulin response?
Quick insulin trigger: hypersensitive insulin-secreting cells lead to excessive insulin secretion.
74
What is Neel's second scenario regarding insulin response?
Tendency to become slightly more insulin-resistant with an appropriate insulin response.
75
What is Neel's third scenario regarding insulin response?
Muscle cells become insulin-resistant while fat cells remain sensitive to insulin.
76
What is lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?
An enzyme that regulates fat absorption and storage in cells.
77
How does insulin affect LPL activity in fat tissue versus muscle tissue?
Insulin increases LPL activity in fat tissue and decreases it in muscle tissue.
78
What does higher LPL activity in certain tissues indicate?
Greater absorption of fatty acids and fat accumulation.
79
How does testosterone affect LPL activity?
Suppresses LPL activity in abdominal fat.
80
What hormonal change during menopause affects fat accumulation in women?
Decrease in estrogen increases LPL activity.
81
What did Greenwood propose in 1981 about obesity?
The 'gatekeeper hypothesis' based on hormonal regulation of LPL.
82
What hormonal change explains why women typically gain weight after a hysterectomy?
Decreasing estrogen secretion on LPL activity ## Footnote LPL stands for lipoprotein lipase, which is involved in fat metabolism.
83
Who proposed the 'gatekeeper hypothesis' of obesity?
M. R. C. Greenwood in 1981 ## Footnote Greenwood was a student of Jules Hirsch and conducted studies on Zucker rats.
84
What is the effect of fetal hyperinsulinemia observed in Zucker rats?
Elevated LPL activity in the fat tissue leading to obesity ## Footnote This effect persists into adulthood.
85
What happens to Zucker rats on a strict diet compared to a free feeding regime?
They lay down more fat on a strict diet ## Footnote Their muscles, brains, and kidneys also reduce in size.
86
What happens to LPL activity during exercise?
LPL activity increases in muscle tissue ## Footnote This enhances the absorption of fatty acids into muscles.
87
What is the relationship between carbohydrate-rich meals and LPL activity?
Carbohydrate-rich meals increase LPL activity in fat tissue ## Footnote This effect is due to increased insulin secretion.
88
True or False: Fat-rich meals increase LPL activity in fat tissue.
False ## Footnote Fat-rich meals do not have the same effect as carbohydrate-rich meals.
89
According to Robert Eckel, habitual dietary carbohydrate intake may have a stronger effect on _______ than does dietary fat intake.
subcutaneous fat storage ## Footnote Eckel served as president of the American Heart Association.
90
What did Henri-Géry Hers state about carbohydrates and obesity?
Eating carbohydrates stimulates insulin secretion and causes obesity ## Footnote Hers is an authority on glycogen-storage diseases.
91
What did George Cahill believe was the critical factor in weight regulation?
Positive caloric balance ## Footnote Cahill argued that a calorie is a calorie is a calorie.
92
What was the outcome of David Kipnis's diet studies on obese women?
Fat-rich diets lowered insulin levels, carbohydrate-rich diets raised them ## Footnote This was regardless of calorie consumption.
93
What was the conclusion drawn from Kipnis's results regarding carbohydrates?
Removing carbohydrates might lead to weight loss ## Footnote This could occur even without reducing total calorie intake.
94
By 2004, what percentage of Americans were considered clinically obese?
One in three Americans ## Footnote Two in three were classified as overweight.
95
What is the relationship between maternal obesity and infant weight?
Fatter mothers are more likely to have fatter babies ## Footnote This is influenced by the intrauterine environment.
96
What happens when mothers have high blood sugar during pregnancy?
The fetus's pancreas overproduces insulin-secreting cells ## Footnote This can lead to the baby laying down more fat.
97
What is the 'vicious cycle' mentioned in relation to obesity?
Fatter mothers tend to have fatter babies, perpetuating obesity ## Footnote This cycle can extend across generations.
98
What did researchers find about Pima Indians and diabetes?
Pima born to diabetic mothers have a two-to threefold increased risk of diabetes ## Footnote This perpetuates the cycle of diabetes across generations.
99
True or False: The hormonal and metabolic consequences of high blood sugar do not pass from mother to child.
False ## Footnote These consequences can be transmitted through the intrauterine environment.

Good Calories, Bad Calories (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions