Chapter4 (first half)

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

A concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state.

Question 2

Selective Attention

Answer 2

The focus of one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus.

Question 3

REM Sleep

Answer 3

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming.

Question 4

Why do we sleep?

Answer 4

purposes: it rejuvenates the body, helps us recover from stress, helps us consolidate learning and memories, and in infants, it may even promote the development of the brain.

Question 5

Dreams - Theories

Answer 5

• Reflections of the day.
• The expression of unconscious desires.
• Protecting sleep (keeping scary stuff away).
• Activation-syntesis
• Help us consolidate memories.

Question 6

Activation-syntesis Model

Answer 6

The view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern.

Question 7

Narcolepsy

Answer 7

A “sleep attack” in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Question 8

Sleep Apnea

Answer 8

Temporary absence or cessation of breathing while asleep. (From Greek and Latin roots meaning “without” and “breathing.”)

Question 9

Sleep Terrors

Answer 9

Frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep. Nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep.

Question 10

Hypnosis

Answer 10

An altered state of consciousness in which people appear to be highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Question 11

Passivity - Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 11

Awaiting instructions and suspending planning.

Question 12

Narrowed Attention - Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 12

Focusing on the hypnotist’s voice or a spot of light and not attending to background noise or intruding thoughts.

Question 13

Pseudomemories and Hypermnesia - Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 13

Reporting pseudomemories (false memories) or highly detailed memories (hypermnesia). Police hypnotists attempt to heighten witnesses’ memories by instructing them to focus on details of a crime and reconstruct the scene. Some studies challenge the accuracies of such memories.

Question 14

Suggestibility - Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 14

Responding to suggestions that an arm is becoming lighter and will rise or that the eyelids are becoming heavier and must close.

Question 15

Playing Unusual Rolls - Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 15

Playing roles calling for increased strength or alertness, such as riding a bicycle with less fatigue than usual. In age regression, people may play themselves as infants or children. A person may speak a language forgotten since childhood.

Question 16

Perceptual Distortions- Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 16

Acting as though hypnotically induced hallucinations and delusions are real. Behaving as though one cannot hear loud noises, smell odors, or feel pain.

Question 17

Posthypnotic Amnesia- Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 17

Acting as though one cannot recall events that took place under hypnosis.

Question 18

Posthypnotic Suggestion- Changes in Consciousness Attributed to Hypnosis

Answer 18

Following commands given “under” hypnosis after one “awakens,” such as falling quickly into a deep trance when given the command “Sleep!” or—in the case of a would-be quitter of smoking—finding cigarette smoke aversive.