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Biology 110 > Chapters 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an emergent property?

A

They develop from the arrangement and interaction of its parts.

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2
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Living systems come from other living systems

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that “code” for a protein

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The transfer and transformation of energy and matter

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6
Q

How does natural selection affect the diversity of life?

A

Species change to better interact with other species.

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7
Q

What do living systems require?

A

Energy and matter

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8
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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9
Q

What is matter made of?

A

Elements

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10
Q

What do elements combine into?

A

Compounds

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11
Q

___ elements are found in ___ systems

A

Essential

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12
Q

What elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

C, N, O, H

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13
Q

What determines properties of elements?

A

Their atomic structure

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14
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Subatomic particles

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15
Q

What are the subatomic particles and their charges?

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons
Electrons (-)

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16
Q

What is mass measured in?

A

Daltons

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17
Q

What is the mass of one proton or neutron?

A

1 AMU

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18
Q

All atoms of one element have the same number of ____

A

Protons

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19
Q

What is an isotope?

A

When atoms have varying neutrons

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20
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

atomic mass - atomic number = number of neutrons

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21
Q

How are electrons arranged?

A

In shells

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22
Q

How many electrons does the first shell hold?

A

2

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23
Q

How many elections does the 2nd and 3rd shells hold?

A

8

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24
Q

What does chemical behavior depend on?

A

How many elections are in the valence shell

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25
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost shell

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26
Q

Where are electrons found 90% of the time?

A

Their orbital

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27
Q

When does reactivity occur?

A

When you have unpaired elections in an orbital

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28
Q

What forms chemical bonds?

A

Atoms want to have full valence shells and will interact with other atoms to share elections

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29
Q

What is a cation?

A

Elements that lost/donate an election

30
Q

What is an anion?

A

An element that gains/accepts an election

31
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An element gives/takes an election

32
Q

What is an ion?

A

An element that has lost or gained an election

33
Q

When can an element form a bond?

A

When they are ions and there is attraction between charges

34
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Multiple elements share valence electrons

35
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more elements are held together with a covalent bond

36
Q

What is a single bond?

A

Elements share one pair of electrons

37
Q

What is a double bond?

A

Elements share 2 pairs of electrons

38
Q

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

A

Ionic is where an electron is transferred, and covalent is when electrons are shared

39
Q

What happens when an atom is more electronegative?

A

It pulls electrons towards it more strongly

40
Q

What happens when electronegative atoms create unequal sharing of electrons?

A

Polar covalent bonds are created

41
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak, short duration attraction between positive and negative charges

42
Q

What makes and breaks chemical bonds

A

Chemical reactions

43
Q

What are reactants?

A

Ions, molecules, or atoms that are reacting

44
Q

What are products?

A

Ions, molecules, or atoms that are made from the reactions

45
Q

How is chemical equilibrium possible?

A

Chemical reactions are reversible

46
Q

What are the 4 emergent properties of water?

A

Cohesion, expansions upon freezing, moderation of temperature, and solvent for aqueous solutions

47
Q

What can partially charged areas form?

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Hydrogen bonds holding substances together

49
Q

What is surface tension?

A

A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

50
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

The heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

51
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

A liquid’s surface cools as it evaporates

52
Q

Why is ice less dense that liquid water?

A

Hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered

53
Q

What is a solution?

A

The liquid that is a mixture of substances

54
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The dissolving agent of a solution

55
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that is dissolved

56
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A solution where water is the solvent

57
Q

What is a hydrophilic substance?

A

A substance that can interact with water molecules

58
Q

What is a hydrophobic substance?

A

A substance that does not interact with water molecules

59
Q

Why are oil molecules hydrophobic?

A

They have relatively nonpolar bonds

60
Q

What is a hydrogen ion? (H+)

A

A hydrogen atom that leaves its election behind and is transferred as just a proton

61
Q

What is a hydroxide ion? (OH-)

A

Hydrogen with 2 electrons bonds with an oxygen atom

62
Q

What is a hydronium ion? (H3O+)

A

3 Hydrogens with one oxygen that is missing an electron

63
Q

When are concentrations of H+ and OH- equal?

A

In pure water

64
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

65
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that reduces the H+ concentration in a solution

66
Q

What is the difference between strong acids and bases and weak acids and bases?

A

Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in water, and weak acids and bases can reversibly release and accept back hydrogen ions

67
Q

What are the pH values of acidic solutions?

A

Less than 7

68
Q

What are the pH values of basic solutions?

A

Greater than 7

69
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

70
Q

What is ocean acidification

A

CO2 dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid

71
Q

What molecules create a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion?

A

2 H2Os.

Biology 110 (5 decks)

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