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Biology 110 > Chapters 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an emergent property?

A

They develop from the arrangement and interaction of its parts.

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2
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Living systems come from other living systems

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that “code” for a protein

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The transfer and transformation of energy and matter

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6
Q

How does natural selection affect the diversity of life?

A

Species change to better interact with other species.

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7
Q

What do living systems require?

A

Energy and matter

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8
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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9
Q

What is matter made of?

A

Elements

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10
Q

What do elements combine into?

A

Compounds

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11
Q

___ elements are found in ___ systems

A

Essential

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12
Q

What elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

C, N, O, H

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13
Q

What determines properties of elements?

A

Their atomic structure

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14
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Subatomic particles

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15
Q

What are the subatomic particles and their charges?

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons
Electrons (-)

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16
Q

What is mass measured in?

A

Daltons

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17
Q

What is the mass of one proton or neutron?

A

1 AMU

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18
Q

All atoms of one element have the same number of ____

A

Protons

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19
Q

What is an isotope?

A

When atoms have varying neutrons

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20
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

atomic mass - atomic number = number of neutrons

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21
Q

How are electrons arranged?

A

In shells

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22
Q

How many electrons does the first shell hold?

A

2

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23
Q

How many elections does the 2nd and 3rd shells hold?

A

8

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24
Q

What does chemical behavior depend on?

A

How many elections are in the valence shell

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25
What is a valence shell?
The outermost shell
26
Where are electrons found 90% of the time?
Their orbital
27
When does reactivity occur?
When you have unpaired elections in an orbital
28
What forms chemical bonds?
Atoms want to have full valence shells and will interact with other atoms to share elections
29
What is a cation?
Elements that lost/donate an election
30
What is an anion?
An element that gains/accepts an election
31
What is an ionic bond?
An element gives/takes an election
32
What is an ion?
An element that has lost or gained an election
33
When can an element form a bond?
When they are ions and there is attraction between charges
34
What is a covalent bond?
Multiple elements share valence electrons
35
What is a molecule?
2 or more elements are held together with a covalent bond
36
What is a single bond?
Elements share one pair of electrons
37
What is a double bond?
Elements share 2 pairs of electrons
38
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic is where an electron is transferred, and covalent is when electrons are shared
39
What happens when an atom is more electronegative?
It pulls electrons towards it more strongly
40
What happens when electronegative atoms create unequal sharing of electrons?
Polar covalent bonds are created
41
What is a hydrogen bond?
Weak, short duration attraction between positive and negative charges
42
What makes and breaks chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
43
What are reactants?
Ions, molecules, or atoms that are reacting
44
What are products?
Ions, molecules, or atoms that are made from the reactions
45
How is chemical equilibrium possible?
Chemical reactions are reversible
46
What are the 4 emergent properties of water?
Cohesion, expansions upon freezing, moderation of temperature, and solvent for aqueous solutions
47
What can partially charged areas form?
Hydrogen bonds
48
What is cohesion?
Hydrogen bonds holding substances together
49
What is surface tension?
A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
50
What is heat of vaporization?
The heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas
51
What is evaporative cooling?
A liquid's surface cools as it evaporates
52
Why is ice less dense that liquid water?
Hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered
53
What is a solution?
The liquid that is a mixture of substances
54
What is a solvent?
The dissolving agent of a solution
55
What is a solute?
The substance that is dissolved
56
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution where water is the solvent
57
What is a hydrophilic substance?
A substance that can interact with water molecules
58
What is a hydrophobic substance?
A substance that does not interact with water molecules
59
Why are oil molecules hydrophobic?
They have relatively nonpolar bonds
60
What is a hydrogen ion? (H+)
A hydrogen atom that leaves its election behind and is transferred as just a proton
61
What is a hydroxide ion? (OH-)
Hydrogen with 2 electrons bonds with an oxygen atom
62
What is a hydronium ion? (H3O+)
3 Hydrogens with one oxygen that is missing an electron
63
When are concentrations of H+ and OH- equal?
In pure water
64
What is an acid?
A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
65
What is a base?
A substance that reduces the H+ concentration in a solution
66
What is the difference between strong acids and bases and weak acids and bases?
Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in water, and weak acids and bases can reversibly release and accept back hydrogen ions
67
What are the pH values of acidic solutions?
Less than 7
68
What are the pH values of basic solutions?
Greater than 7
69
What is a buffer?
Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
70
What is ocean acidification
CO2 dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid
71
What molecules create a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion?
2 H2Os.

Biology 110 (5 decks)

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