Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards by Tristin Jantz

What are the four macromolecules?

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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What are macromolecules?

Large and complex molecules

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What is a polymer?

A long molecule made of many monomers

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What is a monomer?

The building blocks for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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What is a dehydration reaction?

Creates bonds and water is a byproduct

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What is a hydration reaction?

Bonds are broken and water is used for the reaction

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What is hydrolysis?

Bonds are broken and water is used for the reaction

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What are carbohydrates?

Sugars and the polymers of sugars

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What is a monosaccharide?

A major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

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What is the most common monosaccharide?

Glucose

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What is a disaccharide?

A dehydration reaction joins two mono-saccharides

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What does a glycosidic linkage do?

It attaches monomers together

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What is a polysaccharide, and what is its role?

The polymers of sugars. They have storage and structure roles

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What is glycogen?

A storage polysaccharide

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Do plants or animals have glycogen?

Animals

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What is chitin?

A structural polysaccharide for the exoskeleton of anthropods

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What is a lipid?

The one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers

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What is an esther linkage?

The structure and combines lipid structures

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What is a fat?

A type of lipid constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

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What do glycerol and fatty acids form?

Fats

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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated is easier to layer and be a solid at room temperature because it does not have a kink

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What is a saturated fat?

A fat with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible with no double bonds

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What is an unsaturated fat?

A fat with one or more double bods to create a kink

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What is the major function of fats?

Energy storage

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What is a phospholipid?

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

What is a steroid?

A lipid that has a carbon skeleton of four fused rings

What is cholesterol?

A steroid and a precursor for other steroids to by created

What is a polypeptide made of?

String of amino acids

What is a protein made of?

One or more polypeptides

What is an amino acid?

Organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

What makes amino acids different from each other?

Side chains called R groups

What is a peptide bond?

The covalent bonds that link amino acids

A protein's ___ determines how it works.

Structure

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Primary structure: unique sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: coils and folds in polypeptide chain Tertiary structure: interactions among various side chains (R groups) Quaternary structure: a protein has multiple polypeptide chains

What causes coils and folds in protein structure?

Hydrogen bonds

What are strong covalent bonds called in protein structure?

Dissulfide bridge

What causes sickle cell disease?

A single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

What can affect protein structure?

Primary structure, physical conditions, and chemical conditions

What is denaturation?

The loss of a protein's native structure

What is DNA made of?

Nucleic acid

What is nucleic acid made of?

Monomers called nucleotides

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What are the two components of nucleic acids?

A sugar-phosphate background and a nitrogenous bases bonded to sugar

What does adenosine (A) pair with?

Thymine (T)

What goes guanine (G) pair with?

Cytosine (C)

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded, and RNA replaces T with uracil (U)

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

Magnification is the ratio of size to real size, and resolution is how clear the images are

What is cell fractination?

Break apart cells and seperate cellular parts in centrifuge

What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes are: - small - no membrane-bound organelles -DNA is in cytoplasm Eukaryotes are: -large - has organelles in membrances -DNA in membrane-bound nucleus

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Genetic system of DNA and ribosome for gene expression, and bound by a plasma membrance

What does it mean when the phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable?

Certain things can cross it

What is the cytoplasm?

Everything between plasma membrance and the nucleus

Who breaks down sugars for cellular respiration?

mitochondria

What surrounds the nucleus?

Nucleur envelope

What is chromatin?

the DNA and protein complex that is loosely coiled except when dividing

What do ribosomes do?

uses genetic information to synthesize proteins (DNA to RNA to proteins)

What happens inside the nucleolus?

Ribosomes are synthesized

What is cytosol?

An aqueous solution surrounding membrance-bound organelles

What do chloroplasts do?

Photosynthesis

What is the endomembrane system?

Internal membrance system connected physically

What are the parts of the endomembrane system?

1. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 2. Golgi apparatus 3. Lysosomes 4. Vacuoles

What does the Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Synthesis and metabolism

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Packaging and redistribution (the post office) of what the ER sends it

What do lysosomes do?

breaking macromolecules into smallest components

What do vacuoles do?

Storage, protection, and pigment in plants

What does the smooth ER do?

Creates membrane, metabolize carbs, stores calcium, and makes steroids

What does the rough ER do?

Creates membrane and excretes protein

What are phagocytes?

lysosomes that engulf smaller organisms/particles to break them down

What are autophagy?

Lysosomes that fuse with the cell's material to break it down

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of fibers extending through cytoplasm to organize cellular structures and activities. It allows cells to move, change shape, and transport organelles

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubules (largest) 2. Intermediate filaments (middle) 3. Microfilaments (smallest)

What do microtubules form?

Cilia and flagella the slide past each other to create bending

What do motor proteins do?

Transport organelles along cytoskeleton scaffolding

What do microfilaments do?

Create tension for muscle movement or cytoplasmic streaming

What is the cell junction?

How adjacent cells connected into tissues

What is the plasmodesmata?

Channels that connect plant cells for communication

Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards

(76 cards)