Chapters 14, 15, 16 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What happens when a blue parent and yellow parent have a kid according to blending hypothesis?
They have a green kid (mixing)
What happens if a blue parent and yellow parent have a kid according to particulate hypothesis?
The kid will be blue or yellow (one or the other)
What did Gregor Mendel discover?
Basic principles of heredity
What is a character?
A heritable feature (hair color)
What is a trait, and how do traits relate to characters?
A variant (type) for a character (blonde is a trait for the character of hair color)
What is hybridization?
Mating 2 contrasting true-breeding varities
What is a allele?
The alternate versions of a gene (Dd vs DD vs dd are all different alleles)
What is the difference between the dominant and recessive allele?
The dominant determines appearance and the recessive does not
What is the law of segregation?
2 alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (When a Pp parent makes sperm cells, half of sperms have P and half have p)
What is a homozygote?
An organism with 2 identical alleles for a character (PP or pp)
What is a heterozygote?
An organism with 2 different alleles for a character (Pp)
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
Phenotype is the physical appearance. Genotype is the genetic makeup
What is a monohybrid?
A heterozygous “hybrid” offpring
What is a monohybrid cross?
The cross between 2 heterozygotes
What are dihybrids?
heterozygous for 2 alleles (created by 2 true-breeding parents)
What is a dihybrid corss?
The cross between 2 heterozygotes to see the probability of 2 characters transmitted together
What is law of independent assortment?
Each pair of alleles (PP, Pp, etc) segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation (PP and DD will not stick together, it is all chance)
What are the 3 degrees of dominance, and the differences between them?
Complete dominance: red or white kid
Incomplete dominance: pink kid
Codominance: red and white splotches in kid
What is epistasis?
One gene can affect another despite them being at different locuses
ie. 1 gene determines pigment color and other gene determines whether pigment will be deposited
Where are sex-linked genes?
On either sex chromosome
What is nondisjunction?
Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis
What is aneuploidy?
Fertilization of gametes where nondisjunction occurred
What does is mean when a zygote is monosomic or trisomic?
Monosomic: 1 copy of a particular chromosome
Trisomic: 3 copies of a particular chromosome
What is chromatin?
The complex created when DNA is combined with proteins
