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Biology 110 > Chapters 7, 8, and 9 > Flashcards

Chapters 7, 8, and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean when something is amphipatic?

A

Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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2
Q

What is the difference between peripheral and integral proteins?

A

Peripheral proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, while integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core

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3
Q

Are transmembranes peripheral or integral proteins and why?

A

Integral proteins because they are on both sides of the membrane

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4
Q

What can move through or across the membrane, and how quickly?

A

Hydrophobic molecules rapidly and hydrophilic molecules need a process

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space

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6
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution

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7
Q

What is required when a molecule goes against a concentration gradient?

A

Energy and a protein

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8
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

Passive requires no energy to be used by the cell, while active transport requires energy (usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis) to move substances against concentration gradients

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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10
Q

What does an isotonic solution do?

A

Solute concentration is the same as that outside the cell. There is no net water movement across the plasma membrane

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11
Q

What does a hypotonic solution do?

A

Solute concentration is less than that outside of the cell. The cell gains water

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11
Q

What does a hypertonic solution do?

A

Solute concentration is greater than that outside the cell. The cell looses water

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12
Q

What do cells look like when they are in an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution?

A

Isotonic: normal
Hypertonic: shriveled
Hypotonic: bloated (lysed)

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13
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

The control of solute concentrations and water balance across the membrane

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14
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Transmembrane proteins that regulate the movement of water in/out of cell

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15
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

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16
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Proteins that speed passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

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17
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

A transport protein that provide molecules a corridor to cross the membrane (open door)

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18
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

A transport protein that changes shape that brings the binding site across the membrane

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19
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy (usually ATP hydrolysis) to move substances against their concentration gradient

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20
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Endo-: take in macromolecules
Exo-: Transport vesicles put contents outside of cell

21
Q

What increases entorpy?

A

Energy transformation or transfer

22
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Breaking down sugars and going through chemical reactions

23
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic metabolism?

A

Cata-: break down complex molecules
Ana-: Build complex molecules

24
Q

What is free energy (triangle G)?

A

The energy that can do work inside a living cell

25
Q

What does it mean when free energy is high or low (Triangle G)?

A

High free energy: unstable
low free energy: stable

26
Q

What is free energy a measure of? (Free energy is triangle G)

A

A system’s instability (the tendency to change to a more stable state)

27
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The state of maximum stability

28
Q

What is the difference between and exergonic and endergonic reaction? What are the levels of free energy (triangle G) for both?

A

Exergonic: energy is released and spontaneous (free energy < 0)
Endergonic: energy is required and not spontaneous (free energy > 0)

29
Q

What 3 types of work does the cell do and what does each entail?

A
  1. Chemical: pushing endergonic reactions
  2. Transport work: pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement
  3. Mechanical work: like contraction of muscle cells
30
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

The use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

31
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

The chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reacion

32
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Reduce energy required for reaction

33
Q

What is an active site?

A

The region on an enzyme where substate binds

34
Q

What is an induced fit?

A

An enzyme will slightly change its activation site to better fit the substrate

35
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The molecules that bind with enzymes in the enzyme’s active site.

36
Q

How do the substrate and enzyme interact?

A

The substrate is changed into another product by the enzyme through chemical reactions

37
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

They block actual substrates by binding to an enzyme’s active site

38
Q

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

A

They bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the activation site less effective

39
Q

Why can a small amount of enzymes have huge effects?

A

Enzymes are used repeatedly

40
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Breaking down organic molecules to create ATP

41
Q

What are the two types of cellular respiration, and the differences between them? How many ATP or other products are made for each? What are their similarities

A
  1. Aerobic respiration uses O and makes 30/32 ATP
  2. Anaerobic uses no O and makes 2 ATPs. Also creates ethanol, lactic acid, or other products. One category is fermentation
  • Both use glycolysis for net 2 ATP
42
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2+ 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

(Opposite of photosynthesis)

43
Q

What is the primary and secondary forms of energy for cellular respiration?

A

Primary: ATP

Secondary: FADH2 and NADH

44
Q

What are the general steps for cellular respiration, and where is each step located?

A
  1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm) (Glucose -> Pyruvate)
  2. Pyruvate oxidation (Mitochondria) (Pyruvate -> acetyl CoA)
  3. Citric acid cycle (Mitochondria) (Acetyl CoA -> CO2, NADH, FADH, and ATP)
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Mitochondria) (NADH electrons + FADH electrons -> more ATP)
45
Q

Explain glycolysis

A

breaks down glucose into 2 Pyruvate

Net gain: 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate

46
Q

Explain Pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate is turned into acetyl CoA

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA = CO2 + acetyl CoA

47
Q

Explain the citric acid cycle

A

8 steps in a circle that turns acetyl CoA into CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP

48
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation

A

Chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis

FADH2 and NADH electrons are passed through proteins and drop in energy as they go through this transport chain

The energy given off by the electron transfers is used to drive H+ outside the cell membrane

The high concentration gradient makes H+ want to get back in the cell, and they must go through proteins, which work like a motor and create ATP
- this process is called chemiosmosis

49
Q

What is chemiosmosis, and how does it help make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

It is used during oxidative phosphorylation to push H+ out of mitochondria. They want to get back in, but must go through a protein, which creates ATP

50
Q

What is the ATP yield for the processes of anareobic and aerobic respiration, and fermentation?

A

Anaerobic and fermentation: 2 ATPs through glycolysis

Aerobic: 2 ATPs through glycolysis
2 ATPs in citric acid cycle
26/28 ATPs in oxidative phosphorylation

Biology 110 (5 decks)

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