Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
When and by whom was the term Renaissance first used
A
1550 Giorgio Vassari a typical Renaissance man as he was good at a great variety of things, painter, writer - wrote book Decline and fall of the Roman Empire
2
Q
Aprox years and events Renaissance where
A
started 1350 Italian peninsula ended 1550 when Vassari published his book
3
Q
Why the Italian Peninsula
A
Itatly lots large urbain centers = lots of wealthy merchants rulers, bankers saw patrons of the arts as source of prestige. Italy ended the middles ages with a lot of wealth.
They financed an unprecedented outpouring of masterpieces in many fields
4
Q
popular art in Italian Ren
A
Lots of portraits rich folks who paid for em. eg Medicis $2 Leonardo M and Botticelli
5
Q
Ren = what interest
A
ancient G-R. red peeps turned gaze back in time arrogantly assumed middles ages dark and antiquity “bathed in light”
eg. school of Athens (Michelangelo artist, Leonardo plato)
6
Q
How did the Ren rented interest come to be
A
during end Middle Ages in part because crusades, increased contact with Byzantine Empire and Muslim scholars which allowed Italians of Ren 2 regain access to ancient g-r works such as plant etc
7
Q
New invention!!
A
1456, printing press Johannes Guttenberg, German city of Mainz
8
Q
1st book print press
A
Bible, few remain 20million a copy
9
Q
history print press
A
went bankrupt 1468 - already invented china not as quick wood stamp not machine
10
Q
what cool print press
A
- made books affordable as peeps no longer need to be able to afford copies buy book. b4 no point in learning to read can’t even afford books
- uniform (no skipped pages or summaries, rewording etc)
- widespread fast information
11
Q
spread of printing press
A
invent 1456
Reached Italian Peninsula 1465 by end 15th c. printing shops all across Europe
12
Q
how monumental print press eg.
A
change worse by fast spread comparable 2 internet
eg. Marco Polo inspire 2 travel
eg. Religious reforms
13
Q
debates relevance renessaince
A
Jacob Burckhardt: says iron launches modern world
Peter Burke : says overexagerated violence and “dark” of middle ages
book shapes debate 150 yers later
14
Q
Ren felt and lived by whom
A
not a mass movement, was limited to the Elites of the cities of the Italian peninsula such as Florence, (unofficial capital of Ren) and other cities such as Milan Venice, Rome
15
Q
How did ren make peeps feel
A
the elites of the great cities did in fact feel like they were living at an innovative time and exciting era. “ bring forth great talents and restored liberal arts”
16
Q
main intellectual movement Ren
A
Humanism
17
Q
Humanism bassed on eg.
A
the study and respect of the literacy , artistic and architectural style of classical g-r antiquity
eg. romans often use domes in architecture of large building projects (parthenon) a tradition revived in Ren: Florence cathedral biggest does ever built. Still used in stadiums 2day
18
Q
Disciplines available Ren vs Middle Ages
A
Ren: Liberal Arts (poetry, astronomy, music, math, philo.
Middle Ages: Law and theology. Scholars focus exclusively on scholars
theology becomes but one discipline among many
19
Q
humanist relationship 2 faith
A
most humanists are devout Christians but more interested in studying humans and their emotions then God and scripture. They continued to believe in god they simply shifted their focus to emphasizes the study of humans
20
Q
What was the cause of the shift from theology to humanism
A
the resurfacing and fascination towards pre-christian authors of antiquity made them realize there was more than christianity
21
Q
humanist s conception of humans
A
positive since we are endowed with the ability to reason
22
Q
how did humanism affect art
A
distangledment of at and christianity = artists free to explore secular art.
23
Q
ren masterpeices
A
the visual art masterpieces and brilliance of artists such as Leonardo and Michelangelo sometimes overshadows the literature masterpieces
eg.
- Petrarch father of Renaissance and Boccaccios Decamerom showed humanist by insisting on human emotions such as love lust and ambition
Decameron 1353 work of 10 your characters talking about love and death while Florence is consumed by the plague
24
Q
changes in artist status
A
The Renaissance was also the first era when European artists became celebrities.
25
how did humanism affect art
The artists of the Renaissance were influenced by the humanism of their contemporaries.
-The beauty of Renaissance art is so overwhelming that most people fail to see that the humanist ideas behind the masterpieces are as important as the masterpieces themselves.
Artists of the Italian Renaissance shared the humanists’ unbound admiration for seemingly limitless abilities of the human body and mind.
-They were obsessed by finding ways to portray the human body and nature realistically as opposed to figures who looked flat and passive on medieval paintings (see medieval painting below).
The subjects of Renaissance paintings also show more emotions and seemed more lifelike (just like the figures made by Greek and Roman sculptors). Artists of the Italian Renaissance were also more willing to offer graphic displays of human beauty that would have been condemned in the Middle Ages.
26
example of shocking art
For example, Sandro Botticelli`s painting of the Birth of Venus was the first full nude painting of a women. Michelangelo’s David was the first nude sculpture since the fall of the Roman empire 10 centuries earlier (Many citizens of Florence were initially shocked and threw stones at this masterpiece who also shocked the citizens of Springfield a classic episode of The Simpsons).
(Donatello also made a famous nude statue of David, the heroic figure of the Old Testament. )
27
all of these goals artistic led to what new technics
The painters of the Renaissance pushed the limits of their art by using perspective. They sought to enhance the illusion of depth.
- Oil paint came into use allowed painters to take more time because it dries slowly on the linen canvas that they used.
- They were able to create light and dark tones to intensify the perception of depth.
- This was a major breakthrough because it allowed them to show a realistic relationship between figures and the landscape.
- The Renaissance painters, sculptor and architect were also obsessed with geometry and anatomy while completing their works with admirable precision.
28
name a couple of renaissance painting that used these revolutionary tectonics
- Masaccio’s fresco Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Donors (1427) is the first painting to use linear perspective. The single vanishing point lies at the foot of the cross
- All these innovations allowed the creation of masterpieces such as The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The School of Athens and the Sistine Chapel.
29
political climate Italian peninsula renaissance
The Italian peninsula was politically divided into fiercely competitive small kingdoms and republics who were often competing for territorial or commercial expansion.
30
goal of the Italian rulers
The rulers of these small Italian kingdoms seemed to dream of recreating the Roman Empire so there was a climate of distrust amongst Italian leaders of the renaissance
31
how is this climate comparable to other historical periods
The Renaissance was a cultural golden age that was marked by violence and instability just like Greece during the Hellenic period (i.e., the era of illustrious Greeks authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Herodotus, Thucydides, Hippocrates, Aristophanes, Euripides…)
32
what was the political structure of the italian ren
There were many types of governments who ruled these small Italian kingdoms during the renaissance ranging from elected councils of citizens to military tyrants.
33
what does this political climate lead to
The Italian kingdoms were ultimately doomed to decline due to their division and endless skirmishes. Larger kingdoms such as Spain and France started to impose their will over the Italian peninsula by taking parts in conflicts of the late 15th century.
34
what confirmed the decline of the small Italian king
The pillage of Florence, the unofficial capital of the Italian Renaissance, by Charles VIII of France confirmed the decline of the small Italian kingdoms (Charles VIII was on his way to Naples to claim the crown of that kingdom).
35
effect discover americas
The Italian peninsula also became less important commercially during the early 16th Century.
-After the discovery of the Americas, the Mediterranean Sea gradually ceded its place to the Atlantic Ocean as the center of maritime commerce. -Thus, Italian ports such as Genoa and Venice were no longer at the center of world trade
36
new trades paths cuz americas consequences International
- They had been pushed to the periphery by European kingdoms on Atlantic coast who were building commercial empires overseas in the Americas, Asia and Africa.
- Artistic creativity declined in Italy and it seemed moved northwards to more prosperous kingdoms such as France, the Netherlands and England
37
most influential political really ever written
-The Prince is one of the most influential political treaties ever written. in which The political instability of the Italian peninsula during the Renaissance is palpable
38
the prince content
It contains lessons that Machiavelli is transmitting to a prince on how to acquire, maintain and increase political power.
39
true goal of the prince
However, Machiavelli`s true goal was to expose how the Medici family governed the Republic of Florence behind the scenes by using their vast fortune to corrupt and intimidate political leaders for most of the Renaissance.
Machiavelli wanted to show how the Medicis and the other rulers of his era truly handled power.
40
Machiavelli
Machiavelli was a true man of the Renaissance. He excelled in many fields just like Leonardo.
-Machiavelli was a playwright and an historian. He also served as a diplomat for the Republic of Florence between 1499 and 1512.
41
what was the medicos influence over Florence like between 1492 and 1512
The power of the Medicis over Florence had declined following the pillage of their city by the French in 1492 but they allied themselves with the Spaniards in 1512 and regained their powerful influence over Florence.
42
Machiavellis later life and the writing if the prince
Machiavelli was fired, arrested, tortured and chased from Florence by the Medicis like many other members of the Republic of Florence who had plotted against them.
- Machiavelli wrote his book in exile on a small farm. He barely had enough food to feed his family and he earned a little money selling wood from his farmland.
- During his 15 years in exile he used the little free time he had playing cards with the local butcher, baker and innkeeper and writing The Prince.
- The Prince was published only in 1532 (5 years after Machiavelli death).
43
how does the prince differ from works written before it
Before Machiavelli, the medieval philosophers agreed that rulers should follow Christian principles such as mercy and generosity.
- On the other hand, Machiavelli was influenced by humanism so his treaty focuses attentively on human emotions and their effects on politics.
- Religion and morality are not mentioned in The Prince. This is the reason why Machiavelli is considered the first modern political theorist.
- His successors were no longer preoccupied by the role of religion and morality in politics.
44
the prince values
- According to Machiavelli, rulers have to be realistic and pragmatic.
- They have to keep their objectives in mind and use ruthless tactics such as theft, corruption, intimidation, deception and even murder in pursuing their vital interests (just like the Medicis). For Machiavelli, the ends justify the means.
45
how do rulers exercises control
Rulers have to understand human nature instead of trying to change the nature of their subjects.
- They must realize that most humans are selfish, greedy, deceitful and ungrateful cowards and they forget quickly.
- Hence, trying to improve their morals was a foolish waste of time. A ruler that would do this would pursue his own downfall because there are too many of his subjects who are naturally rotten.
- His main advice to the prince is that rulers cannot rely exclusively on love because all rulers have to take unpopular decisions.
- This will quickly lead his ungrateful subjects to stop loving him because love fades away.
- The safest way to acquire, maintain and expand political power over selfish subjects is to use fear because it is permanent according to Machiavelli.
- Subjects can rebel against a ruler that they loved but they will not challenge a ruler that they fear as long as fear does not turn into widespread hatred.
46
should rules be completely a moral
To avoid hatred the rulers cannot completely ignore the values and the interests of their subjects.
- Rulers must appear to embody the qualities that their subjects admire such as wisdom, decisiveness, generosity, honesty and compassion even if they do not possess these qualities. They must also avoid to look unfair and cruel.
- Machiavelli argues that it`s not difficult for a ruler to maintain this illusion since very few subjects will really have the chance to know him personally and most people are easily duped by appearances.
47
how does the prince suggest giving out punish/ rewards
-He also tells the prince to impose unpopular decisions at the same time instead of stretching them over a long period and to give rewards to his subjects in small doses to get as much recognition as possible from his selfish and forgetful subjects.
48
greats artists of the northern Renaissance
Jan van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel and Albrecht Durer./
49
common humanists of Northern Europe and Italian ones
also fascinated by ancient texts.
50
difference humanists of Northern Europe and Italian ones
However, they focused mainly on religious texts: ``the Northern Renaissance came later. More importantly, while heavily influenced by Italian humanism, humanism in northern Europe was more tied to Christian culture and concern
51
The main figure of the Northern Renaissance
Dutchman Erasmus
52
Erasmus main coiners and complains
Erasmus noticed that the Church became too demanding towards the Christians during the Middle Ages.
- Moreover, he argued that the Chruch was demanding the wrong things by imposing superfluous practices such as the seven sacraments, the veneration of saints and relics, mandatory fasting, clerical celibacy, masses for the dead and pilgrimages.
- Erasmus understood that distrust of the Clergy was increasing. He knew that many Christians considered that the increasing emphasis on rituals was burdensome and frustrating because it did not guarantee their salvation (i.e., their place in heaven).
53
eramus wanted
Church needed to stop imposing rituals that were meaningless.
and a return to a purer time with peeps interpret themselves but he did nit want to destroy the church or form a new one
54
eramsus text
He was a humanist and he argued that humans were able to reason and the Church should use its influence to help the Christians understand how to live good lives and improve themselves.
-In the book Praise of Folly (1509), Erasmus used humor effectively to denounce the corruption and the incompetence of the clergy.
55
critiques and perceptions of the people and clergy
This image shows that Erasmus considered that many European clergymen were incompetent buffoons who misguided the Christians. He was also critical of average Christians. Erasmus considered that that most Christians were too passive and gullible.
56
in short Erasmus wanted
Erasmus simply argued that the Christians should return to the simplicity of the early Church. He was nostalgic, he firmly believed that the Church was a better institution when it began in Antiquity because it was a pure, small and uncorrupted institution that was less hierarchical
57
in details Erasmus wanted
- Erasmus also believed that the Bible should be translated and accessible for every Christians because they all should have a personal relation with God.
- Baptism made all the Christians equal according to Erasmus who was highly critical of the hierarchy of the Church.
- eliminate the 7 sacrements which are not explicitly in the Bible
58
how did eramsmus' legacy continue on not other religions
Erasmus’ Latin translation of a Greek version of the New Testament was one of the bestselling books of the 16th Century. It was the version of the new testament that was used by Martin Luther and other protestant reformers.
-The denunciations of the Church by Erasmus opened the door to more radical theologians.
59
most impactful religious event in the history of the Western Civilization since Antiquity.
protestant reformation
60
describe generally the effects and magnitude of the Protestant reformartion
It`s impact was enormous because it ended Christianity’s role as the centralizing institution that almost all Europeans had in common before the 16th century.
- It was replaced by centuries of inimical relations between Catholics and Protestants: ``Reformation was an unprecedented revolution in religion at a time when religion penetrated almost the whole life. `` (Ozment, 1980, p. 435).
- The Protestant Reformation had deep and lasting effects on the development of the Western Civilization in the last 5 centuries. It captured the attention of scholars in many disciplines.
- Max Weber, a German sociologist, he even argued that protestants felt less guilty about accumulating money and had more time to work than the Catholics. Therefore, the Protestant Reforms would be a cause of the beginning of modern capitalism after the 16th Century.
61
first person to offer credible alternative to Catholicism after invention print press
Martin Luther
62
place of print press within Protestant refomation
This invention allowed Luther to spread his idea quickly to a large audience.
-The printing press made it impossible for the Church to control ideas like in previous decades when it easily silenced its critics. Exactly like how social media sites are empowering people who were voiceless in past generations.
63
Luther social standing in germany
Luther became a popular author and a national hero for the Germans. He benefited from the support of German nobles who were sympathetic to his cause. Luther had the chance to work from the Castle of Warburg for extensive periods
64
Luther youth and education
During his youth, Luther was raised by his father, Hans. Hans Luther was a self-made man who earned a fortune in mining. He had ambitions for his son Martin who was a gifted student. He forced him to study law when he was only 17 years old.
- Martin Luther started to study law at the University of Erfurt in 1505 even if he would have preferred to study theology because he was obsessed by his salvation.
- Martin Luther was like most Christians during the 16th Century. He seriously wondered if his poorly trained local priest and corrupt Church leaders in Rome like Pope Alexander VI were preparing Christians adequately for their Judgement Day.
65
life changing event for Luther
Luther seemed destined to a promising legal career until he was caught in a thunderstorm when he was about 21 years old. He vowed to God that he would become a monk if he survived this storm.
66
Luthers time in the church as monk
Luther believed that living with older monks and the demanding monastic routine would ensure his salvation since living in a monastery would shield him from sinful behavior.
- However, offering his life to God did not diminish his anxieties about his salvation.
- It did not assure him that God would give him a place in paradise: ``My situation was that, although an impeccable monk, I stood before God as a sinner troubled in conscience, and I had no confidence that my merit would assuage him.`` Martin Luther, 1521.
- Luther was urged by some of his fellow monks to leave his monastic life to start teaching theology in the new University of Wittenberg in 1508.
- In 1510, during a trip to Rome, Luther was scandalized by the incompetence and immorality of the Cardinals of Rome and Pope Leo X.
67
Luthers time at Wittenberg
-Around 1512, he discovered his answer to salvation while he was still a professor in Wittenberg.
-The answer to the question “what can I do to be saved?” was Justification by faith alone. Faith in Christ and his promise of salvation is all that`s necessary for to be saved from damnation according to Luther. Two passages of the New Testament gave him the certainty that he was right:
``If you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.`` Romans 10:9
``Jesus told her, ``I am the ressurection and the life. Anyone who believes in me will live, even after dying.`` John 11:25
-Luther was relieved. He no longer had to do good works and do all the sacraments imposed by the Church to impress an angry God. He was sure that God is merciful and salvation is his free reward for those who have faith in him.
-Luther began to believe that Christians can never do enough good works to impress God. They just need to have faith in God because he is merciful towards the believers: ``the most precious of all good works is faith in Christ`` Martin Luther, 1520.
68
the final drop for Luther and Protestantism
- In 1517, Luther confronted Johann Tetzel. Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg.
- Indulgences were supposed to allow Christians to bypass the Purgatory. The Church affirmed that the Purgatory is a place where Christians paid for their sins before entering heaven.
- Tetzel pretended that his certificates of indulgence allowed his customers to avoid the purgatory: ``you are able to liberate your soul from the hands of the enemy, and convey it by means of contrition and confession, safe and secure from the all pains of purgatory, into the happy kingdom.`` Johann Tetzel, 1517.
- Tetzel even claimed that indulgences could save relatives that were currently in the Purgatory: ``As soon as pennies in the money chest ring, the souls out of their purgatory do spring``.
- This practice was approved by the Pope who wanted money to finance the construction of the St. Peter Basilica. Financial matters were more important than theological matters from the standpoint of the Church leaders.
69
reaction to Tetzel (event marking the beginning of the protestant reformation)
This led Luther to write 95 theses to denounce Tetzel, the Pope and the selling of indulgences. He posted his theses on the door of the Church of Wittenberg.
70
two main critics of Luther
- For Luther, indulgences were useless since salvation is free. Salvation is a gift of God to the Christians who make the leap of faith.
- His theses show that Luther considered that the Bible is the only source of authority on religious matters. Beliefs and practices that were not mentioned in the Bible such as the Purgatory and clerical celibacies were lies according Luther.
71
reaction germans towards Luthers new movement
-Luther became a national hero for the Germanic people. He articulated their frustration towards the Church authorities. Many Germans agreed that the Church was corrupted and it misguided Christians
72
Popes initial reaction towards Protestantism
The Pope underestimated that level of animosity in Germany. He also misunderstood that the printing press allowed ideas to spread very quickly.
73
Luther continued complaint
Luther’s ideas crystallized after 1517. In 1520, he exposed his ideas in three pamphlets. Many of these ideas became fundamental for many branches of Protestantism. Luther argued that worship services should no longer be in Latin. They should be in German (or other modern languages that average Christians actually understood), he denounced clerical celibacy and he manifested his opposition to monasticism and transubstantiation.
74
Religious consequences of Luthers three pamphlets and Luthers reaction towards them
- This led to his excommunication (i.e. being kicked out of the Church) in 1521. Excommunication was usually a terrible punishment. It was believed that it insured your eternal damnation. -Luther burned his letter of excommunication. He did not care.
- He no longer wanted to be part of a Church that was too big in corrupt to be reformed. He was sure that his faith would ensure his place in heaven.
75
Political consequences of Luthers three pamphlets and Luthers reaction towards them
But Luther’s pamphlets were also dangerous from a political standpoint.
- Luther was summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms (a meeting of German noblemen and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire).
- Charles V, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and the most powerful man of Europe, saw Luther’s popularity and disrespect for the Pope like a destabilizing force within his empire.
- Charles V asked Luther to recant but Luther refused to go against his conscience: “My conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther, 1521
- Luther instantly became the most wanted man in Europe. However, he was protected by the German nobles and Charles V had to deal with other problems (his empire was threatened by France and the Ottoman Empire).
76
Luthers late life
- In 1523, Luther published a German translation of the New Testament but his project of creating a reformed Church was postponed by a revolt of the German peasants (and his marriage with a former nun Katherine von Bora).-The German peasants were disappointed that Luther sided with the Nobility and they turned to other protestant reformers for support. The popularity of Luther declined and the peasants turned to new groups of Protestants such as the Anabaptists.
- Luther had 6 kids, he wrote an anti-Semitic pamphlet before he died in 1546 (he wanted the Germans be religiously united by joining his reformed Church. He knew that German Jews would not accept this. Luther’s pamphlet against the Jews was recuperated by the Nazis in the 1930s).
77
Luther was then "replaced" by
-Luther had lost his dynamism and John Calvin played an even more important role in the expansion of Protestantism than Luther after 1540.
78
Lutherism after Luther
- The Peace of Augsburg (1555), granted an equal standing to Lutheranism and Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire but Luther was not alive to see the creation of the Lutheran church.
- By that point, Protestantism had reached other areas of Europe such as Scandinavia, Switzerland, Scotland and England.
79
John Calvin who when
John Calvin was a Frenchman who left the Catholic Church after meeting Protestants while he was studying law in Orleans in 1533 (i.e. 16 years after Luther`s 95 theses).
80
consequences of converting in France
This conversion was a major decision since the large majority of his French compatriots remained Catholics. Francis I, the King of France, was also losing patience with the growing minority of French Protestants.
81
Calvin v Luther ideologies
Calvin agreed with Luther`s view on justification by faith alone. However, Calvin’s most influential new idea was predestination.
-He argued that God determines if humans will be saved or damned at birth because God is an almighty creator. God also knows how the lives of all his creations will turn out according to Calvin:
Therefore, Calvin also argues that Christians are put on Earth for a reason or a calling predetermine by God. Many of Calvin’s followers believed that being successful was a sign that God would save them. Being able to enjoy an good productive life on Earth was considered like a sign of being blessed by God and it gave Calvin and his followers the belief that they would have salvation.
-Calvin agreed with Luther about the undeniable authority of the New Testament. He used a passage from the Book of Matthew to support his views on predestination
82
Calvin 5 main ideas
```
Total Depravity: .
Unconditional election:
Limited Atonement:
Irresistible Grace:
Persistence in Grace:
```
83
T of tulip
Total Depravity: Humans are naturally depraved. They are not good enough to do good works that would impress God and earn their salvation.
84
U of Tulip
Unconditional election: Good works are not a condition to obtain salvation from God.
85
L of tulip
Limited atonement: Christ did not die to save all humans. He saved only those who are predestined to be saved (this contradicts Martin Luther who argued that all those who have faith in God will have salvation).
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I of tulip
Irresistible Grace: Humans who are predestined to be saved cannot resist God`s grace (i.e. they will naturally do good things and be successful in life).
87
P of tulip
Persistence in Grace: Humans who are predestined to be saved cannot lose salvation.
88
Church of Geneva date
In 1541, the Church of Geneva was reformed based on Calvin`s ideas. He led the creation of a Holy Commonwealth in that Swiss city.
89
Church of Geneva political system
-The separation between the Church and the state ceased to exist in Geneva. The authorities of Geneva turned their city into a virtual theocracy (this was a major contradiction with Martin Luther).
90
Consistory and the church of Geneva
They imposed a new tribunal, the Consistory, to ensure public morality.
- This tribunal could punish people for corrupting the morality of their fellow citizens. Citizens of Geneva could be condemned for dancing, drinking excessively, swearing and playing cards.
- The citizens who stayed in Geneva conformed and strived to live exemplary and successful lives to give the impression that God wanted them to succeed in life and that he was going to save them in the afterlife. Nobody in Calvin’s Geneva wanted to appear like they were damned.
91
Council of Trent
-Meanwhile, the leaders of the Catholic Church showed their unwillingness to compromise with the Protestants at the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
92
council of Trent consluions
- They concluded that the mass should still be in Latin, that the Bible needed to be interpreted only by the Clergy, that the good works were essential to salvation and that Church traditions that are not mentioned in the Bible such as celibacy of the priest, the 7 sacraments and the purgatory would continue.
- There was no turning back. The schism between the Pope and the Protestants was undoubtedly permanent. The Church that had been a force of unity in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century became a source of intense division between Catholics and Protestants.
- The religious unity that had been the cement that held Europe together for 10 centuries had been broken.
93
English reform one sentence
-The English Reformation was initiated by Henry VIII, the King of England between 1509 and 1547.
94
Wee bit of backstory on our boy Henry
-Henry VIII was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty. His father Henry VII, had defeated Richard III in 1485, this allowed the Tudors to replace the York Dynasty on the throne of England (the Remains of Richard III, the last king of the Tudor Dynasty, were discovered in the parking lot of a British supermarket during construction work in 2012).
95
Wee bit of backstory on our boy Henry
-Henry VIII was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty. His father Henry VII, had defeated Richard III in 1485, this allowed the Tudors to replace the York Dynasty on the throne of England (the Remains of Richard III, the last king of the Tudor Dynasty, were discovered in the parking lot of a British supermarket during construction work in 2012).
96
initial causes of the reformation were...
-The initial causes of the Reformation in England were much more political than religious.
97
Henry da whoor's initials relationship with the Catholic Church
- Henry VIII was not predisposed to confront the Church. In 1521, he published a book to defend the 7 sacraments. It was his reply to Luther’s case against the sacraments imposed by the Church. Luther only believed in baptism and communion, the two sacraments mentioned in the Bible.
- Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon for 18 years. She was a devout Catholic from Spain and an aunt of Charles V, the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
98
Henry da whoor and Catherine
-But Catherine did not produce a male heir to secure her husband’s dynasty. Henry VIII could have been succeeded by his daughter Mary but he firmly believed that he needed a strong male successor to ensure the stability of England and the future of the Tudor dynasty.
-Catherine was over 40 years old. She was considered too old to have more children with Henry VIII.
-Henry VIII had many mistresses but he needed to have another wife, to give birth to a son who could replace him as the monarch of England.
He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, a young English noblewoman (Henry also had an affair with Mary Boleyn, the sister of Anne).
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annulment process accelerating reasons and conclusion
- To do this he tried to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. But the Pope, Clement VII, made him wait.
- In 1522, Anne became pregnant before the marriage had been invalidated by the Pope.
- The impatient Henry VIII turned this issue with the Pope into a legal debate.
- He questioned the authority of the Pope over England (including the annulment of marriages in England).
- Henry VIII asked Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to annul his marriage. Cranmer, was the most influential religious leader in England. He agreed to annul the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
100
Anne and Henry da whoor
This validated Henry VIII` secret marriage to Anne Boleyn. Boleyn gave birth to a daughter.
-This disappointed Henry VIII (he had been cheating on Boleyn during her pregnancy). Henry VIII lost interest for Boleyn. She was eventually accused of adultery with five different men and witchcraft, which led to her beheading (the trial was rigged. Men were tortured to testify against Anne).
101
Henry da Whoor and the Church (end)
-In 1534, Henry VIII completely severed the ties with the Catholic Church. The Act of Supremacy was approved by the parliament. It made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church).
-Henry VIII used his position of authority to quickly seize the lands and the treasures owned by monks and nuns. He increased his personal fortune greatly in the process.
The ruins of a monastery ransacked by the men of Henry VIII:
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consequences of the act of supremacy for Hen
- These decisions infuriated the Pope who excommunicated Henry VIII.
- It also shocked Thomas More, an advisor of Henry VIII, who was beheaded for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy in 1535.
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Henry da Whoor's final marriages
-In 1536, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour. She gave him a son, Edward VI (Edward would be chronically ill and Jane Seymour died of post-natal complications. Henry VIII had 6 wives, 3 children and no grandchildren).
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although The church was not created for political reasons did it later merged some protestant ideas
-But the Church of England did adopt four major Protestant ideas during the rule of Henry VIII by rejecting the veneration of saints, the belief in purgatory and encouraging the Anglicans to read the English translation of the Bible. Monasteries and nunneries were also gone from the English countryside.
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Edward VI rule
-The young Edward VI, was only 9 years old when he inherited the throne in 1547.In 1553, Edward VI died of tuberculosis.
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Edward VI and religion
Major religious decisions were taken by Protestants of his entourage such as his uncle Edward Seymour and Thomas Cranmer, the author of the Common Book of Prayer. They felt that Henry`s religious reforms did not go far enough. -Therefore, the Church of England became increasingly protestant during the short rule of Edward VI. For example, the parliament gave the right to marry to the clergy.
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Succession of Edward VI
-There was a plot to give the crown to Jane Grey. Grey was a protestant from the English nobility who was a cousin of Edward VI. This protestant plot failed. Jane Grey ruled England for 9 days only. -Mary, the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, and her catholic supporters captured Jane Grey and accused her of treason. She was executed. Mary I, was quickly nicknamed Bloody Mary by her angry protestant subjects. She also became the wife of Philip II, the King of Spain, who was loathed by all the protestants of Europe.
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Mary and Religion
- Mary I repealed the Act of Supremacy. Her efforts to restore Catholicism led to the execution of hundreds of prominent Protestants (including Thomas Cranmer).
- Mary I faced another revolt, the Wyatt Rebellion, in 1554. The protestant rebels were opposed to the marriage between their catholic Queen and Phillip II of Spain.
- Mary I’s troops mercilessly crushed this protestant uprising. She promptly ordered the execution of Thomas Wyatt and 90 of his rebels. Elizabeth, Mary I’s younger stepsister was arbitrarily jailed in the Tower of London even if there was no evidence that she was linked to the Wyatt Rebellion.
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Mary end rule
-But Protestantism remained strong during Mary’s short rule (she probably died of an ovarian cancer).
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Mary succession
-In 1558, Elizabeth I inherited the throne. She quickly restored the Act of Supremacy.
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Elizabeth second act of supremacy
In 1558, Elizabeth I inherited the throne. She quickly restored the Act of Supremacy.
- The Second Act of Supremacy offered a moderate sort Protestantism to her subjects (this was clearly defined by the 39 Articles that had been voted back in 1563).
- Under her rule the Anglican Church used English instead of Latin during mass and it agreed with Luther`s view on the authority of the Bible and Justification by faith alone.
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Elizabeth political standing after second act of supremacy
- This triggered long rivalries with catholic monarchs such as Mary Stuart (i.e., Mary Queen of Scots) and Philip II (Spain), her former brother-in-law.
- Elizabeth chose her advisers well and she outmaneuvered her powerful rivals in the 1580s.
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Mary Stuart and Elizabeth
- Mary Stuart, the Catholic Queen of Scotland, felt that Elizabeth was an illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII and she argued that Elizabeth had no right to the English crown.
- However, Mary Stuart met strong opposition from Scottish Protestants. She was forced to leave her kingdom and seek refuge amongst English Catholics.
- Marie Stuart and her Catholic supporters hoped that she could replace Elizabeth I on the English throne.
- Elizabeth`s advisors were not willing to take the risk of letting Mary Stuart stay in England to plot the toppling of Elizabeth I. Mary Stuart was arrested and executed for treason in 1587.
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Philip II and Elizabeth
- In 1588, Elizabeth’s navy managed to defeat the mighty Spanish Armada (i.e., navy) of Philip II who`s attempt to invade England to depose Elizabeth was a catastrophic failure.
- Elizabeth`s navy won with surprising ease and the myth of the invincibility of the Spanish Armada was shattered. (Elizabeth had delivered an inspiring speech her troops on the shore in the Town of Tilbury. It was useless since Spanish invaders never made it to the shore).
- Elizabeth’s rule over England and the Anglican Church would no longer be threatened by her rivals.
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Elizabeth End of reign
- It was also during Elizabeth’s 45 years on the throne that England became the leading protestant kingdom of Europe.
- The rule of the “Virgin Queen” was marked by the brutal conquest of Ireland, England’s first attempt to establish a colony in the Americas (i.e., Roanoke) and the illustrious lives of William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlowe.
- Elizabeth I never believed that she would be the future monarch of England in her youth due to her father`s lack of interest for her.
- She turned out to be a great ruler. However, her refusal to marry and give birth to her successor created a thorny problem for England after her death in 1603.
