Flashcards in Chapters 11-16 Deck (48):
1
Error correction strategy applied when athlete is making errors at practice because of lack of natural reinforcers
Make available reinforcers contingent upon improved performance
Coach must assess whether or not available reinforcers are being used effectively= that reinforcers are contingent upon desirable performance
If use of contingent reinforcers for performing without error leads to improved performance across several prac, then the athletes could be gradually weaned off extra reinforcers, in hope that natural reinforcers for improved performance may begin to take over
2
When is it necessary to use multiple-component error correction program to decrease errors?
when athlete has skill that results in early success and all components of skill are strengthened, including flawed component that experts might consider as improper technique
*has to be used when flawed component of skill became engrained and habit because it has contributed to the success of the athlete
3
3 reasons why beginners might make errors or mistakes when executing previously learned skill
1. errors due to lack of focus
2. errors due to lack of reinforcement for correct performance
3. persistent and well learned errors due to habit
4
mastery criterion
specific guideline for performing a skill such that if the guideline is met, the skill is likely to be mastered
should identify a particular quantity/level/standard of performance
eg. swimmer reaching 3 consecutive practices with 2 r fewer errors on each of 6 required laps
5
Freeze Technique
1. If behaviour is correct (rule governed control over behaviour), players complete play and are praised (positive reinforcement)
2. If behaviour is incorrect, the coach screams "freeze" and the player has to remain in the same position (punishment)
3. The coach then models the correct behaviour, and then player moves to this correct position and coach gets player to notice various aspects of correct position and notice difference between positions
6
limitation of the Freeze technique
athlete's momentum may make it impossible to freeze (skiing, mid jump)
when freezing and listening are not possible (swimming)
7
5 behavioural components that appear to be included in old way/new way error-correction technique
1. Instruction regarding correct/incorrect techniques
2. Awareness training to discriminate correct/incorrect techniques
3. Key words to prompt correct behaviour
4. Practicing correct technique with an approx of mastery criterion
5. Receiving immediate videotaped feedback on each practice tape
8
several possible causes of problem behaviours shown by athletes at prac
1. bad behaviours immediately followed by natural reinforcers, while desirable alternative behaviours do not lead to immediate reinforcers
2. they don't have the skills to earn rewards for skilled athletic performance. reinforcers not unavailable but no skills in athlete's repertoire that enable to get reinforcers
3. from operant extinction- when usual reinforcers are withheld following previously reinforced behaviour, that behaviour is likely to decrease in frequency. in LR, that behaviour will go away but in SR, withholding reinforcers following previously reinforced behaviours may cause emotional reaction as side effect
4. dynamics of interpersonal interactions of athletes away from athletic environment
9
List 5 desirable behaviours for basketball
Actively participating
Using proper shooting form
Making proper 2 hand passes
Listening to the coach's instructions and feedback
Running hard during drills
10
List 5 undesirable behaviours for basketball
Looking at the clock a lot during practice
Talking to teammates while coach is talking
Doing improper form because lazy
Lying on court because tired after running
Purposely being silly
11
4 steps coach can take at beginning of season to minimize problem behaviours
1. Identify reasonable rules concerning desirable/undesirable behaviours
2. Identify consequences for rule violations
3. Obtain commitment from athletes to follow rules
4. Monitor desirable/undesirable behaviours during season and provide feedback
12
3 steps of strategy followed by Coach Hume to decrease off-task practice behaviours (figure skaters)
1. Identify specific desirable prac behaviours= itemized in checklist of jumps/spins that 3 girls expected to prac for 45 mins per day
2. Devise strategy for skaters to self-monitor the occurrence of desirable prac behaviours= big chart for each skater with checklist of jumps/spins, instructions, graphs
3. Provide feedback to skaters for improvement= summary bars added to charts of off-task behaviours/elements attempted at end of prac to show progress. Good progress praised
13
Stimulus control over behaviour and how it was used by Coach Hume
degree of correlation between stimulus and behaviour
Used by Coach Hume in the big chart= which allowed skaters to prepare checklists and view instructions for practice
Had direct correlation with improved jumps and spins over course of practices
14
Positive reinforcement and how it was used by Coach Hume
Stimulus that when presented immediately after behaviour, causes that behaviour to increase. Positive when used to strengthen behaviour
Coach Hume immediately provided feedback to skaters for improvement following practice and gave positive reinforcement when skaters improved or did well
15
2 diff between Coach Hume's self-recording program and public posting program
1. Coach Hume- alternative behaviours and reinforcers for them were identified once they occurred at practice
Public posting- identified problem behaviours before practice and suggested alternative behaviours for athletes to work on
2. Coach Hume- used chart that displayed both positive and negative applications
Public Posting- displayed only negative
16
Advantages/disadvantages of Coach Hume's program
Advantage= all behaviours displayed so athlete can not only see what they need to work on but can also feed good about what they are doing well on already
Disadvantage= more information present on chart, which can lead to lack of focus on what needs improvement if athlete focusing on what they already doing well
17
Advantages/Disadvantages of public posting program
Advantage= met with athletes before program began to let them know what it is they are doing wrong and what can be done to change- focuses athletes attention on what needs to be improved
Disadvantage= only presenting negative behaviours may have negative effect on athletes because provides less confidence/motivation to want to do well since not reminded of good behaviours
18
Educational sign-prompting program
Golf:
Large amount of ball marks on putting greens
Put sign on entrance of clubhouse that showed pics of unprepared ball marks and description of how to repair ball marks as depicted in photos, and request for golfers to repair ball marks
Prompting decreased # of unrepaired ball marks
Relied on deliberately managed reinforcers because sign displayed at entrance acted as reinforcer used to deliberately change behaviour
*change behaviour
19
Example of self-reinforcement
eg. Badminton:
Athlete provide self-reinforcement by using praise after every good serve over the net
say to self: "thats a perfect serve, I need to keep making serves like that and I will win this match"
Praise work toward increasing likelihood that good serve will result next time
20
3 approaches to gathering info during functional assessment
1. Conduct interview/questionnaire assessment of people familiar with client to allow behaviour analyst to identify causes of problem behaviour
2. To discover a problem behaviour's controlling variables- perform observational assessment in which observer carefully observes/describes apparent antecedents and immediate consequences of problem behaviour of indiv in natural settings
3. Conduct functional analysis= systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimental test their role as antecedents or consequences in controlling/maintaining specific problem behaviours
21
2 causes of self-control problems involving behavioural excesses
1. Immediate reinforcement of the problem behaviour wins out over the unnoticeable neg effects that are only cumulatively significant
2. Neg effects of problem behaviour are too small to be noticed immediately, but only accumulation of problem behaviour over time has noticeable effect
eg. Powerlifter can squat lot of weight with bad form
Bad form reinforced overtime heavy squat done successfully, but overtime the bad form will damage back (cumatively- single lift won't cause injury)
22
6 steps that characterize programs of self-management
1. Set goals for quantity/quality/competition situations
2. Increase athlete's commitment to change
3. Design monitoring sheets for key behaviours
4. Manage antecedents to motivate quality practice
5. Manage consequences to motivate quality prac
6. Present relapse, make it last
23
example of quantity goal
eg. basketball player sets goal to take 30 foul shots each practice
24
"commitment to change" in behavioural self-management
refers to the statements or actions by athlete which imply that it is important to improve in specific area, that they will work toward doing so and recognizes benefits
25
example of how athlete might improve prac performance by rearranging immediate surroundings
eg. soccer player might always go to certain field that lots of his friends are always at and theres loud music and lots of distractions, so he starts going to empty field to focus more on improving and less on distractions
26
3 ways of manipulating consequences in self-control programs to motivate quality prac
1. Get rid of reinforcers that may be maintaining program behaviour that interferes with desired prac behaviour (stop talking to friends etc)
2. Self recording and charting target behaviours
3. Arranging for specific reinforcers to be earned by athlete for improvement, or event sticking to practice plan (self-reinforcement, others present reinforcement, remind themselves of delayed natural reinforcement after doing behaviour)
27
2 possible causes of relapse in situations + how they're handled
1. failure to anticipate setback situations= situation where one is at risk for returning to earlier unwanted behaviour patterns
-some can be avoided until individual is better able to cope with them
2. counterproductive self-talk
-recognizing this kind of self-talk is bad and replacing with positive self-talk
28
2 possible causes of relapse in specification of the response + how they're handled
1. Response component is too vague
-target must be phrased in a way so that it can be easily recognized when it occurs, "I want to be able to make a baseline jumper" opposed to "I want to be better at ball"
2. LR goals have not been translated into specific SR goals
-instead of just having one LR goal, set daily/weekly SR goals that move athlete in direction of LR goal
29
possible cause of replies in consequences + how they're handled
1. Extra work from recording/graphing/rearranging environment can becoming burdensome
-prevent relapse by linking the self-management program to everyday activities that are rewarding (if don't meet practice goals, don't get car tomorrow)
-prevent relapse by involving supportive others in program
30
Simulations
attempts to make many stimuli in the practice environment as similar as possible to the stimuli that will be encountered in the competitions
eg. running an offensive play in soccer under game-like conditions: running at game speed, taking good shots at net, wearing game jerseys
31
7 categories of cues that are useful for simulating competitive stimuli at prac
1. Cues from physical environment
2. Cues from the behaviour of the coach
3. Cues from the behaviour of other athletes
4. Cues from the level of autonomic arousal/degree of anxiousness of the athlete
5. Proprioceptive cues from muscles of athlete
6. Athlete's imagery as cues
7. Athlete's self-talk as cues
32
Example of how athletes use imagery at prac to stimulate aspects of comp to increase likelihood of skill transfer
eg. basketball player practicing foul shots may use imagery to imagine the players lined up beside him and his bench cheering to help his foul shot technique transfer to games
33
Example of "pressure game"
eg. football kicker "pressure game" could be lining up for field goal with entire team in positions and jerseys. If he misses the field goal, team runs
34
"programming a few common stimuli"
Deliberately bringing desired athletic behaviours under control of a few specific stimuli in prac, then take those stimuli to the competition
**increases likelihood of stimulus generalization to the comp environment is increased
eg. basketball player bounces the ball twice and spins it in his hands before taking every foul shot. Bouncing the ball and spinning it help him perform the foul shot in the exact same form everytime
35
"vary many of the training conditions"
Conducting practice under many different conditions
If athletic skills are brought under the control of a greater variety of stimuli during training, then there is increased probability of some of those being present during comp
eg. lacrosse player training under different weather conditions, different noise conditions etc
36
Peak performance
outstanding athletic performance, when an athlete puts it all together
athletes at top of their game feel lots of confidence and have excellence concentration
37
Confidence
Not some internal cause of successful athletic performance, but rather is SUMMARY LABEL
Used to describe athletes who have performed well in recent prac/comp or show certain behaviour patterns that would be described collectively as illustrating the belief that they will perform well
38
4 steps for developing confidence/concentration at prac
1. Develop skills to a high level w prac drills
2. Teach orientation to proper cues
3. Transfer the control of sports skills from rules to natural cues
4. Athletes should perform well in simulations
39
7 steps for maintaining confidence on competition day
1. restful, stress-free day prior to comp
2. relive best performances
3. focus on what they can control, not the uncontrollable
4. focus on realistic goals for execution/performance standards, rather than worrying about outcome
5. focus on strengths, not limitations/mistakes
6. use "countering"/"reframing" to counteract neg thoughts
7. prepare and follow competition plan
40
Interverted U relationship between arousal and performance
before competition: athlete should not be too laid back or too pumped-up/tense
athlete wants to feel both loose and energized at right point
41
Optimal level of arousal
level of psychological arousal associated with peak performance
optimal level of arousal is likely to differ from individual to individual
42
4 things to decrease arousal
1. deep centred breathing
2. muscle tensing/relaxing
3. use of relaxing mood words
4. use of humour/tuning out during break
43
4 things to increase arousal
1. energizing imagery
2. energizing mood words
3. physical actions (high fives)
4. energizing music
44
Example: of solution to problem of athlete w interfering emotions
eg. basketball player: frustrated with his point guard for never passing to his side of the court. Anger stays with him for next points.
Should: relax, regroup, refocus
45
Example: of solution to problem of athlete who loses concentration during comp (thinks too far ahead)
eg. football quarterback throws an interception and thinks to himself "well thats it, I'm useless and that going to lose us the game"
Should: say to self "next throw will be better"
46
Competition-focusing plan timeline
covers period of time from beginning to end of the competition
eg. when time starts at the beginning of a soccer game, to when the end of game buzzer goes off
47
Competition-focusing plan goal
goal of plan is to ensure that once the competition beings, the athlete will experience the covert and overt behaviours that characterize optimal performance
48