Chapters 6-10 Flashcards
(54 cards)
3 main components of the motivation package that Connie applied to improve the practice performance of speed skaters
- goal-setting (set written weekly goals for # of laps skated and drills performed- use goals to set written daily practice goals for each behaviour)
- self-monitoring (recorded daily performance in logbooks)
- performance feedback (evaluated recorded performance)
Performance feedback
consequences of an operant behaviour that can influence two things: influence future instances of that behaviour and future instances of an alternative behaviour
Proprioceptive feedback
performance feedback that is the internal stimulation generated from the movement
internal sensations generated the position/movement of the body in space and by position/movement of parts of the body with respect to the other parts
eg. hockey player learning how to properly grasp the stick- then the coach tells the player to close his eyes and properly grasp the stick without looking after learning how by looking at the stick
External informational feedback
feedback consisting of instructions presented to athlete about skill that was just performed
instructions might identify aspects of the skill performed correctly, aspects that should be performed diff or both
eg. gymnastics coach telling gymnast that she isn’t pointing her toes enough while doing her beam routine, and that she needs to point them as much as possible during the routine
2 reasons that public posting of prac performance might be more effective as motivator
- public posting can stimulate peer interactions to reinforce increase output
- to serve as important reminder to coaches to provide praise for progress
recruitment of positive feedback
strategy to improve performance that involve an individual emitting desirable behaviour, and then telling someone about it in order to achieve positive feedback
eg. when soccer player takes several good shots at the net and goes to tell coach about progress/success- coach praises him
How do people conceptualize motivation?
as some “thing” within us that causes our actions
Webster’s Dictionary defines it as “some inner drive that causes person to act in certain way”
eg. a powerlifter that blames their increased motivation on some internal “thing” causing him to want success even more
2 practical limitations to conceptualizing motivation as internal cause of behaviour
- influence some coaches to blame athletes for inferior athletic performances, rather than examining the principles and procedures for that changing behaviour, and the enormous amount of data demonstrating that application of those principles can effectively modify behaviour
- athletes blame themselves for inferior athletic performances, rather than examining potential self-management strategies for improving performance
“to motivate”
to influence individuals to behave invidious ways
implication: motivational strategies are to be found in environmental contingencies concerning behaviour- contingencies can be arranged by the individual to be motivated by others
7 types of antecedents that can be used to motivate athletic behaviour
- Goals
- Models
- Imagery
- Self-Talk
- Picture prompts
- Announcements of friendly competitions
- Schedule cross training for variety
example of how athlete might use imagery to motivate practice performance
eg. basketball player during scrimmage might use imagery to pretend its the Zone championship game and then he will put 100% into the scrimmage/practice
7 categories of consequences that can motivate participation in sports and improved prac/competitive performance
- Self-improvement
- Stimulation of the sense
- Posted records of progress
- Enjoying competing
- Peer approval
- Use fun practice activities as reinforcers for improvement
- Escape from peer/parental pressure
is deliberate use of reinforcement by coaches=bribery?
No- deliberate use of reinforcement by coaches is not bribery
Bribery in sports= illegal act, normally $
Reinforcement by coaches during practice is when they offer the athletes 15 mins of extra scrimmage time at the end of practice for trying their best
What does it mean to suggest that extrinsic reinforcement undermines intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic reinforcers are deliberately manipulated
Intrinsic reinforcers are natural
Extrinsic reinforcers to strengthen behaviour will undermine intrinsic motivation to person that behaviour
eg. if coach gives players points for good performance, then players would be trying to receive points
CMO
Conditioned motivating operations
eg. hockey player using imagery to pretend he is at the Stanley Cup and create pressure for his practice game
CMO v Sd
CMO= temporarily changes what you want to aid in motivation and tells you how to get it Sd= cue that tells you what to do to get what you already want
eg. Sd- goalie going to the right side of the net provides cue to shoot left
eg. CMO-
4 steps that coach might follow to motivate athletes
- arrange antecedents to prompt motivated behaviour
- manipulate MO’s to maximize effectiveness of reinforcers for motivated behaviour
- describe the enviromental arrangements and approp state rules prior to prac/comp
- provide reinforcers following motivated behaviour
How might stimulus generalization have been involved in applications w basketball players?
correct execution of defensive skill called “cutting off baseline” was first rehearsed by players mentally for approx. 15 mins a day
each player required to practice the strategy (conditioning) against 5 imaginary opponents each day, record the times that they practiced the self-talk and mental imagery strategy in a log book, hand in to assistant coach every week
during the remaining games of the season, players correctly executed the defensive strategy- increasing their % of their opportunities and execution
-in relation to stimulus generalization: CS evoked similar responses after it was conditioned
conditioned sensing
bringing some physiologicaly activity associated with one or more of our senses under the control of a previously neutral stimulus
eg. a woman felt extremely nervous when a man walked by her wearing the same cologne as the man that assaulted her days before
mental rehearsal
process of imagining and feeling oneself performing an activity
if performed as recommended by experts- likely to include several types of conditioned sensing
internal imagery
encouraging athletes to feel themselves performing task/skill
external imagery
encouraging athletes to imagine they are watching themselves performing task/skill
5 ways athletes use mental imagery to enhance prac performance
- Imagery to energize before prac
- Instant mental replays to learn the feelings of correctly-performed skills
- Imagery prac sessions away from sport environment
- Imagery at pray before performing previously-learned skills to increase likelihood of performing successfully
- Visualiztion to stimulate the comp environment, to promote generalization to competitions
example of athlete using visualization at practices to promote generalization of skill to competitions
eg. first trail that snowboarder goes down in upcoming competition is very narrow and full of trees
- while practicing for competition, boarder imagine himself on that specific trail and imagines having a narrow path to show tricks/skills
- goes through normal pre-trail routine and then practices going down regular trail while imagining it is conditions of competition trail
