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Biology > Chapters 15 & 16 > Flashcards

Chapters 15 & 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three different alleles?

A

I^A, I^B, and i

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2
Q

Which alleles are codominant?

A

I^A and I^B

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3
Q

What does codominant mean?

A

Both affect the phenotype

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4
Q

What does blood have that reacts against factors that are not present in the blood?

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

What do antibodies in blood do?

A

React against factors that are not present in the blood.

Ex. Group A has antibodies against group B

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6
Q

Which blood group is a universal donor?(can give blood to anyone)

A

Blood group O

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7
Q

Which blood group can receive blood from anyone? (Universal recipient)

A

Blood group AB

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8
Q

If a mother is blood group O and her child is B the father cannot be O or A.

A

So blood groups can prove that someone is not the father.

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9
Q

Why can blood groups not prove that someone is definitely the father of a child?

A

Because millions of people have the same blood group.

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10
Q

What must be used to prove that someone is the father of a child?

A

A more sophisticated gene fingerprinting

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11
Q

Blood group and antibodies: A

A

Genotype: I^AI^A or I^Ai
Antigen: A
Antibody: anti-B
Can get blood from A and O

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12
Q

Blood groups and antibodies: B

A

Genotype: I^BI^B or I^Bi
Antigen: B
Antibody: anti-A
Can get blood from: B or O

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13
Q

Blood groups and antibodies: AB

A

Genotype: I^AI^B
Antigen: A and B
Antibody: none
Can get blood from: A, B, AB, and O

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14
Q

Blood groups and antibodies: O

A

Genotype: ii
Antigen: none
Antibody: anti-A and anti-B
Can get blood from: O

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15
Q

The Rhesus factor

A

Is caused by different gene from blood groups.

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16
Q

What was the Rhesus factor first found in?

A

Monkeys, but humans have the exact same gene.

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17
Q

Rhesus positive is caused by a dominant or recessive allele?

A

Dominant (R)

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18
Q

If a woman is Rhesus negative but has a Rhesus positive baby

A

She will produce antibodies against the babies blood.

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19
Q

What drug prevents Rhesus problems if given during pregnancy?

A

Rhogam

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20
Q

What are pedigree charts?

A

Family trees that show how traits are inherited

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21
Q

Dominant alleles

A

If a child has that trait at least one parent nut have that trait
Ex. Brown hair

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22
Q

Recessive alleles

A

Children can have that trait even if neither parent shows it (both parents are carriers)
Ex. Blonde hair

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23
Q

Genetic diseases caused by a recessive gene

A

Heterozygous individuals are carriers. If 2 carries have children the children have a 25% chance of being born with the disease. It can skip several generations.

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24
Q

Example of disease caused by recessive gene: sickle cell anemia

A

Sickle cell anemia. This affects red blood cells. Caused by one amino acid different in the protein hemoglobin.

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25
What percent of African Americans are carriers of sickle cell disease?
Roughly 10%
26
What are carriers of sickle cell disease resistant to?
Malaria
27
The gene for sickle cell anemia is in which chromosome?
Chromosome 11
28
Example of a genetic disease caused by a recessive gene: cystic fibrosis
Affects the lungs.
29
What percent of Caucasians are carriers of cystic fibrosis?
Roughly 4%
30
Which chromosome is the gene for cystic fibrosis on?
Chromosome 7
31
How long do people with sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis generally live?
Into their thirties.
32
What kind of tests are there to detect sickle cell and cystic fibrosis?
Blood tests
33
Can ppl with cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia live a normal life?
Yes, but often only into their 30s
34
Diseases caused by a dominant gene
Heterozygous individuals suffer from the disease. If a heterozygous person has a child with a homozygous recessive person the children have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease
35
Can a disease caused by a dominant gene skip a generation?
No
36
Example of disease caused by a dominant gene: huntingtons disease
Affects the nerves. Is caused by a "triplet repeat"
37
What is a triplet repeat?
The DNA code CAG is repeated 36 to 100 times in people with huntingtons disease but only 10-30 in normal people
38
Which chromosome is the gene for Huntingtons disease on?
Chromosome 4
39
What age do symptoms for Huntingtons disease usually appear?
Around age 40
40
Aneuploidy
A cell inherits the wrong number of chromosomes. If the number inherited is very different from normal the embryo does not survive.
41
Karyotype
A photo of the chromosomes in a person
42
Examples of Aneuploidy
``` Down syndrome Turner syndrome Metafemale Klinefelters syndrome Jacobs syndrome ```
43
Examples of Aneuploidy: Down syndrome
Extra copy of chromosome 21. Total of 47 chromosomes. The risk of having a baby with Down syndrome increases as the mother gets older. Children are usually short, mild to moderate mentally retarded, and live about 55 years. Men are sterile, women can have children and have a 50% chance that the child will have Down syndrome
44
Examples of Aneuploidy: Turner syndrome
Missing an X chromosome (genotype X). Total of 45 chromosomes. Are always female, typically short and almost always sterile.
45
Examples of Aneuploidy: metafemale
Extra X chromosome (XXX). Total of 47 chromosomes. Usually tall females with normal fertility and two Barr bodies.
46
Examples of Aneuploidy: klinefelters syndrome
XXY. Total of 47 chromosomes. They have male sexual organs but high levels of female hormone (bc of 2 X chromosomes) so often grow breasts. Are typically sterile.
47
Examples of Aneuploidy: Jacobs syndrome
XYY. Total of 47 chromosomes. Tall males with very slight mental retardation.
48
Types of fetal testing
Triple screen test Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling New technique
49
Types of fetal testing: triple screen test
Checks the levels of three proteins in the mothers blood.
50
Types of fetal testing: amniocentesis
Takes a sample of fluid from the womb. It is done 3-4 months into the pregnancy. It is routine for pregnant women 35 or older Can cause miscarriage in 1-2% of cases
51
Types of fetal testing: chorionic villus sampling
Takes a sample of the placenta. It is done 2-3 months into the pregnancy Can cause miscarriage in 1-2% of cases
52
Types of fetal testing: New technique
Separates fetal blood cells that have crossed the placenta from a sample of mothers blood. Should reduce the miscarriage rate to zero.
53
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
Used for people who are carriers for, or have, a genetic disease but want children. Eggs are removed from the body, artificially inseminated, and grown to the 8-64 cell stage. One or more cells are removed and tested for genetic diseases. Embryos that do not have diseases are implanted back into the uterus.
54
What bacteria did Frederick Griffith work with in 1928?
Streptococcus
55
What did Fredrick Griffith do in 1928?
Worked with Streptococcus to show that a chemical could change harmless bacteria into pathogenic bacteria.
56
Fredrick griffith's experiment
Found that smooth strain killed mice & rough strain did not. If he mixed dead smooth with live rough the bacteria killed the mice and had live smooth bacteria in them. Rough bacteria had absorbed DNA from the dead smooth ones which changed the rough strain into the deadly smooth strain.
57
When did Barbara McClintock show that genes are on chromosomes?
1941
58
Alfred Hershey and Martha chase used viruses labeled with radioactivity to show that DNA is the genetic material when?
In 1952
59
Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick used X-Ray diffraction to work out the structure of DNA in what year?
1953
60
When is the DNA copied inside the nucleus?
Before either mitosis or meiosis (during interphase)
61
In 1957 Mathew Meselson and Franklin Stahl did what?
Showed that DNA replication was semi-conservative, using bacteria. Each new pair of DNA strands contains one old strand and one new one
62
How is DNA replicates?
1. Two strands of DNA separate 2. Each strand acts as a template (or model) for a new DNA strand 3. The enzyme DNA polymerase forms new DNA sections working from the 3 ' (3 prime) end of the original DNA to the 5' (5 prime) end 4. DNA ligase joins together the Okazaki fragments 5. Nucleus enzymes correct any mistakes in the DNA
63
How many different alleles are there?
3

Biology (6 decks)

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