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Chspters 7-9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do plasma membranes do?

A

They surround cells. Only allow certain molecules through.

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2
Q

What are membranes made of and how are they arranged?

A

Made of phospholipid and protein. Arranged in a fluid mosaic.

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3
Q

Fluid mosaic

A

The model that describes the structure of cell membranes. Has large portion molecules floating in it, oily layer.

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4
Q

How many layers of phospholipids?

A

Two

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5
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

Fluid means the membrane is liquid. Mosaic refers to proteins scattered around.

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6
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids make the membrane

A

Fluid

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7
Q

Saturated fatty acids makes the membrane

A

Viscous (it does not change shape easily)

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8
Q

Why is cholesterol added to some membranes?

A

To act as an antifreeze.

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9
Q

Why can organisms livin in cold climates survive temperatures below free sing?

A

Because their membranes stay fluid.

Because cholesterol is added.

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10
Q

What functions do proteins have?

A

Transport, enzymes, receptors for hormones and joining cells together.

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11
Q

Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) on the outside of the membrane do what?

A

Let the immune system identify the cell.

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12
Q

What are the oligosaccharides carbohydrates important for?

A

Organ transplants. The donor organ has to match the recipient as closely as possible.

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13
Q

Passive transport definition

A

The cell uses no energy.

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14
Q

Passive transport includes

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration (liquid or gas)
Cells get a lot of materials like glucose and oxygen by diffusion.

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16
Q

What do cells get by diffusion?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

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18
Q

Isotonic solution.

A

Has the same water concentration as the cell.
Ex blood
Cells in an isotonic solution say the same size.

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19
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Has more water than inside the cell
Ex freshwater
Cells in hypotonic solution may swell or burst.

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20
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Has less water than inside the cell
Ex seawater
Cells in hypertonic solution shrink (dehydrate)

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21
Q

Active transport definition

A

Requires energy (ATP)

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22
Q

What are the three types of active transport?

A

Pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis

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23
Q

pumps

A

Membrane proteins that transport chemicals
Ex sodium/ potassium pump.
Sodium is pumped out of the cell, potassium is pumped in

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24
Q

Endocytosis

A 
Large molecules are pulled into the cell 
a) phagocytosis: solids brought in 
Ex white blood cells eat bacteria 
b) pinocytosis: liquids brought in 
Ex cells around blood vessels
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25
Exocytosis
Large molecules are pushed out of the cell | Ex tears, milk
26
Plasma membranes
Surround cells. They are selectively permeable, about 10 nm thick.
27
What is metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions in an organism
28
How do metabolic rates vary?
They vary between different species: temperature and size are the main factors.
29
What is catabolism
Breaking down large molecules to small molecules (usually releases energy)
30
What is anabolism?
Building up large molecules from small ones (usually requires energy)
31
Name the types of energy
``` Chemical (eg in food) Light Heat Electrical (nerves) Kinetic (energy of movement) ```
32
ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate)
Stores chemical energy. Has three phosphate groups attached to adenine and ribose. Is mainly produced in mitochondria.
33
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Tri Phosphate.
34
what does ATP do?
Stores chemical energy
35
How many phosphate groups attach to adenine and ribose?
3
36
Where is ATP mainly produced?
Mitochondria
37
First law of thermodynamics
Energy can be changed from one form to another, it cannot be destroyed or crates.
38
Second law of thermodynamics
Entropy (disorder) is always increasing. So things fall apart and break down, because the general trend is towards disorder.
39
What is ATP used for in living things?
``` Mechanical work (ex muscles) Chemical work (ex anabolism) Active transport (ex sodium/ potassium pump) ```
40
Enzymes
Control chemical reactions in the cell. They are proteins. Add as a catalyst
41
What do enzymes do?
Control chemical reactions in the cell
42
What are enzymes?
Proteins
43
What do enzymes act as?
Catalysts
44
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
45
Enzymes are specific
They each affect a particular substrate.
46
How fast do enzymes work?
Up to 100,000 chemical reactions per minute. So they at wonky needed in tiny quantities.
47
Enzymes have an active site
That the substrate molecule fits.
48
What can the speed of enzymes be affected by?
Environmental conditions (temp, pH) Coenzymes (vitamins) Inhibitors (toxins)
49
What temperature so human enzymes work best?
37 degrees C
50
Why do human enzymes have to be lower than 40 degrees?
Because enzymes become denatures above 40 degrees C.
51
What do cold temperatures do to enzymes?
Slow them down.
52
How can surgeons do heart surgery without a heart/lung machine?
By cooling down a patient's body.
53
Close to What pH do human enzymes work best?
7 | Trypsin in the intestines works best around pH 8
54
What pH does trypsin work best at?
pH 8
55
Around what pH does pepsin in the stomach work best?
pH 2
56
Acids act as
Preservatives, as they slow or stop enzymes.
57
Coenzymes (vitamins) are needed
In small amounts
58
Large amounts of vitamins can be toxic
Ya
59
What may vitamin E supplements increase?
Death risk
60
What is the only vitamin that people are generally deficient in?
Folate (folic acid). Was added to flour and other basic foods.
61
During pregnancy, a folate deficiency increases what?
The risk of birth defects?
62
Some vitamins are antioxidants.
They protect cells from damage.
63
What drinks contain antioxidants?
Coffee.
64
Are the law on marketing vitamins strict?
No, companies do not have to prove the supplements are effective, or even safe.
65
What are the two types of inhibitors (toxins)
Competitive and non-competitive.
66
Competitive inhibitors do what?
Attach to the active site of the enzyme
67
Non-competitive inhibitors do what?
Attach away from the active site
68
What are commercial uses of enzyme inhibitors?
They are used in pesticides. Some medications, such as HIV drugs and aspirin, are inhibitors.
69
What are examples of medications that are inhibitors?
HIV drugs and aspirin.
70
What is respiration?
If is a catabolic reaction that breaks down glucose to release energy (ATP)
71
How is energy stored?
It is stored in the cell as ATP or NADH.
72
Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
73
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen
74
Anaerobic respiration
Does not use oxygen
75
What are the three main stages of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electric transport chain
76
Glycolysis
Glucose is split into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate (3 carbon atoms), the. These are turned into pyruvate (3 carbons each). This produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH. glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm.
77
Where does glycolysis take place?
In cytoplasm.
78
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
The main chemicals are acetyl CoA (2 carbons), citrate (6C), and oxaloacetate (4 C). This produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. The citric acid cycle takes place inside the mitochondria, and it produces the CO2 that you breath out
79
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
In the mitochondria. Produces CO2 that you breath.
80
Electron transport chain.
This stage produces most of the energy. (32 ATP molecules). This stage converts the NADH and FADH2 into ATP. Takes place in the mitochondria.
81
Which aerobic respiration stage produces the most energy?
Electron transport chain.
82
How does the electron transport chain work?
It works as a proton pump.
83
Proton pump
Pumps hydrogen ions (protons) through the membrane, and only allows them back through a protein (ATP synthase) which makes ATP.
84
How does the electron transport chain accept electrons at the end of the chain?
It uses oxygen. The electrons combine with hydrogen ions and oxygen to produce water molecules.
85
Glycolysis summary
Found in cytoplasm Breaks down glucose to pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH
86
Citric acid cycle summary
``` Found in mitochondria Turns pyruvate into CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 ```
87
Electron transport chain summary
Found in mitochondria Converts NADH and FADH2 into ATP 32 ATP
88
Carbohydrates use which stages of respiration to break down?
All three.
89
Lipids are broken down to what?
Glyceraldehyde
90
How are lipids broken down to glyceraldehyde?
They go through part of glycolysis, then the citric acid cycle and the electric transport chain.
91
How are proteins broken down?
They are deaminated, then converted into Acetylene CoA, which is used in the citric acid cycle, then the electron transport chain. Skip glycolysis.
92
What does deaminated mean?
The amino group is removed.
93
Which respiration stage can occur in anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
94
What organisms can live anaerobically?
Single celled organisms, such as bacteria and yeast.
95
Large animals build up what when anaerobic?
An oxygen debt.
96
During anaerobic respiration, pyruvate builds up and is converted to
Lactate (lactic acid) in animals | Ethanol (alcohol) in plants.
97
Random quote
"Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy". - Benjamin Franklin

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