Chapters 5&6 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Structural isomers
A
Vary in the arrangement of their atoms
2
Q
Geometric isomers
A
Differ around the atoms in a double bond
3
Q
Enantiomers
A
Molecules that are mirror-images of each other
4
Q
Name examples of different isomers w/ different effects on the body
A
Ibuprofen, Prozac, thalidomide
5
Q
Functional groups
A
Atoms on the outside of the molecule, responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound
6
Q
Functional group: Hydroxyl
A
Structure: OH
Ex. Sugars
Dissolve in water
7
Q
Functional group: Carboxyl
A
Structure: COOH
Ex. Fatty acids
Are acid
8
Q
Functional group: Amino
A
Structure: NH2
Ex. Proteins
Are basic(alkali)
9
Q
Functional group: Phosphate
A
Structure: PO4
Ex. DNA
Dissolve and are acid
10
Q
Organic molecules
A
Contain Carbon atoms. Found in all living things.
11
Q
Hydrocarbons
A
Simplest organic molecule. Consist of only carbon and hydrogen
12
Q
Prefix meth-
A
1 carbon atom
13
Q
Prefix eth-
A
2 carbon atoms
14
Q
Prefix prop-
A
3 carbon atoms
15
Q
Prefix but-
A
4 carbon atoms
16
Q
Prefix pent-
A
5 carbon atoms
17
Q
Prefix hex-
A
6 carbon atoms
18
Q
Suffix -ane
A
No double bonds
19
Q
Suffix -ene
A
At least one double bond
20
Q
Macromolecules
A
Very large molecules, made of hundreds or thousands of atoms. Most are polymers.
21
Q
Polymers
A
Large molecules made of similar, smaller monomers joined together
22
Q
Monomers
A
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
23
Q
Hydrolysis
A
A chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers
Ex. Digestion
24
Q
Condensation synthesis
A
A chemical reaction that joins monomers together by removing water.
25
4 types of macromolecule in living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carl likes picking names
26
Carbohydrates
Contain only C, H, & O. Made of monosaccharides such as glucose (C6H12O6) and glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)
27
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars that dissolve in water.
Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6) & glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)
Reacts with Benedicts reagent
28
Disaccharides
Consist of 2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis such as maltose or brewing sugar (2 glucose) and sucrose or table sugar (glucose + fructose).
Some reach with Benedicts reagent
29
Polysaccharides
```
Made of many monosaccharides
Ex.
Starch - energy storage in plants
Glycogen - energy storage in animals
Cellulose - cell walls in plants
Chitin - hard outer layer of insects
```
30
Lipids
Contain C, H, & O. Do not dissolve in water. Can be fats, phospholipids, waxes, or steroids.
31
Fats (triglycerides)
Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Fats are used for energy storage and insulation.
32
Saturated fats
No double bonds, straight molecules, solids, found in animals
Ex. Butter
Lots of these increase risk of heart attack
33
Unsaturated fats
Have 1 or more double bonds, bent molecules, liquids, in plants
Ex. Corn oil
Healthier than saturated fats
34
Trans fats
What happens when foods are hydrogenated to make them more solid
35
Phospholipids
Made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate. Part of molecule is hydrophobic, part is hydrophilic.
Make up most of cell membrane
36
Waxes
Waxes consist of a fatty acid joined to an alcohol. They are use for waterproofing in plants and some animals.
37
Steroids
Made of 4 rings of carbon. Form sex hormones
Ex. Estrogen, testosterone.
Animals often need small amount in their diet
Ex. Cholesterol
High levels can damage brain
38
Proteins
Contain C, H, O, & N. Made of amino acids joined together with a peptide bond. There are 20 different amino acids. Order of amino acids in a protein is important.
Found in cell membranes, blood, hair, enzymes, and muscles
39
Proteins:
| Primary structure
The order of amino acids
40
Proteins:
| Secondary structure
The protein folds, and is held by hydrogen bonds
41
Proteins:
| Tertiary structure
Covalent or ionic bonds between different side chains of the protein
42
Protein:
| Sickle cell anemia
An often fatal genetic disease caused by one amino acid in the wrong place in a protein hemoglobin.
43
Hemoglobin
Red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates.
44
Denatures
Shape changes
Ex. Boiling an egg
Will usually kill a cell
45
Nucleic acids
Contain C, H, O, N, & P. Made of nucleotides
46
Nucleotides
Phosphate, sugar and base
47
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
```
Has deoxyribose as the sugar. Has 4 bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
```
48
DNA cont.
DNA bases lake & join w/ hydrogen bond to form double helix. The code on DNA carries info the cell needs to make proteins (the primary structure)
Can be used in vaccines, closely related animals have similar DNA.
49
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
```
Has ribose as the sugar. Also has 4 bases:
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
```
50
RNA cont.
Single strand, moves from the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm to allow the cell to make proteins (mRNA: messenger RNA). New RNA drugs could be useful for ex. To prevent blood clots or to detect and treat cancer
51
Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.
52
When were cells first discovered?
1665
53
Cells are surrounded by a membrane
👍🏽👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👍🏽👍🏽👍🏽👍🏽👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼
54
Prokaryotic cells found in-
Bacteria. Have a simple structure (no nucleus or organelles). Small, 1-5 micrometers across. Usually have an external cell wall.
55
Eukaryotic cells are found in
Plants, fungi, animals. The DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus. They have specialized organelles and are larger (10-15 micrometers across).
56
Microscopes:
| Light microscopes
Focus light on the specimen.
57
Advantages and disadvantages of light microscopes
Advantages: Living cells, color, portable, cheap.
Disadvantages: magnification only up to 1000
58
Microscopes:
| Electron microscopes
Focus a beam of electrons on the specimen
59
Advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes
Advantages: high magnification, up to 1 million
Disadvantages: dead cells, black/white, not portable, expensive.
60
Why are cells so small?
They need to keep a large surface area compared to the membrane.
61
Cells consist of
Membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
62
Nucleus
Roughly 5 micrometers across. Contains genes (DNA) arranged in chromosomes and is surrounded by nuclear membrane which has pores.
63
Nucleolus produces
Ribosomes
| Located inside nucleus
64
Cytoplasm contains
Many organelles
65
Organelle
Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell
66
Organelles: ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA. Use RNA to produce proteins
67
Organelles: endoplasmic reticulum include
Rough ER
| Smooth ER
68
Rough ER is
A series of membranes without ribosomes. Produces new membranes.
69
Smooth ER are
Membranes without ribosomes. It produces lipids. Also detoxifies chemicals (in the liver) also stores calcium in the muscles
70
Organelles: Golgi body
Roughly 3 micrometers across. Packages and sends off chemicals. Cis face receives chemicals, trains face dispatched chemicals to a certain area.
71
Organelles: lysosomes
Produced by the Golgi body. Contain digestive enzymes to digest food brought in by phagocytosis or old organelles
72
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death (cell suicide)
Ex. When the tail of a tadpole is reabsorbed when it turns into a frog
Ex. Tay Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disease when the lysosomes do not work
73
Organelles: Vacuoles
In animals: food vacuoles hold food brought by phagocytosis (only in single called animals)
Plants: storage vacuoles hold water, minerals, poison (to deter herbivores)
74
Organelles: peroxisomes
Contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide. Used in breaking down fats.
75
Organelles: mitochondria
Roughly 3 micrometers across. Have a smooth outer membrane, & folded inner membrane. Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins. May have evolved from early bacteria. Are inherited only from four mother. Enzymes on inner membrane produce ATP(energy).
76
Organelles: chloroplasts
Only found in plants. Roughly 3 micrometers across. Have 2 smooth membranes. Chloroplasts contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins. Stacks of inter membranes called grabs contain chlorophyll. Liquid stroke surrounds the grana. Chloroplasts produce carbohydrate by photosynthesis
77
Organelles: cytoskeleton
Controls the shape and movement of the cell. Consists of microtubules and microfilaments
78
Microtubules
25 nanometers diameter. Made of Tubulin (protein) support the cell. In animals they can form cilia and flagella (9+2 arrangement)
79
Microfilaments
7 nanometers diameter. Made of actin (protein). In animals they form muscles. In plants they cause cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)
80
Organelles: cell wall
Only in plants. Is made of cellulose. It stops the cell from bursting.
