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Lab Test 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What gives leaves green color?

A

Chlorophyll

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2
Q

Paper chromatography

A

Draw a line an inch from the bottom of the strip of paper. Apply pigment, grounded leaves, to the line. Let dry and repeat 10-12 times. Place in a table of chromatography solvent, leave for 20-30 minutes.

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3
Q

What four chlorophyll products were present in the chromatography test?

A

Carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b.

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4
Q

How long should the pigments in the chromotogram exp. remain visible if kept in the dark.

A

Several weeks.

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5
Q

What is the order of the pigments from fastest to slowest (chromatogram)

A

Carotene, Xanthophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b.

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6
Q

Rf stands for

A

Ratio factor

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7
Q

How to find the ratio factor

A

Distance pigment moved/distance the solvent moved

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8
Q

Leaf anatomy experiment

A

Look at the corn leaf, Tila leaf, and tradescantia epidermis under microscope

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9
Q

Demonstration: elodea

A

Four beakers filled with tap water, several drops of phenolphthalein and a drop of NaOH to turn the solution pink.

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10
Q

Elodea beakers

A

Beaker without elodea in the light: pink
Beaker without elodea in the dark: pink
Beaker with elodea in the light: pink
Beaker with elodea in the dark: clear

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11
Q

Why did the beaker with elodea in the dark turn clear?

A

Because the elodea was not using light to transfer CO2 to oxygen, so the CO2 turned the chemical clear. The one in the light produced oxygen so if had less CO2, therefore it remained pink.

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12
Q

Chlorophyll:

A

Green pigment

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13
Q

Anthocyanin

A

Red pigments

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14
Q

Carotenoids and xanthophylls

A

Yellowish-wife pigments.

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15
Q

Control

A

It is a constant, unchanging standard of comparison

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16
Q

Starch test

A

Boil coleus leaf for 2 minutes in alcohol, then boil for 2 minutes in water. Drop several drops of lugol’s IKI reagent. The parts that contain starch should be dark blue or black.

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17
Q

Distinction between monocot(corn) and dicot: tilia

A

Corn leaf is long with a more distinct center, white the tilia leaf is more rounded.

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18
Q

Does photosynthesis occur in the regions that are negative for starch?

A

No, because starch is the first visible sign of photosynthesis

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19
Q

How do cells in non-photosynthetic areas, such as roots, obtain food to support cellular functions?

A

They absorb nutrients from the soil around them

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20
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitosis

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell division that leaves two identical copies of a cell

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22
Q

Interphase

A

Where the cell grows and the DNA replicates

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23
Q

Prophase

A

The spindle forms. The chromosomes are visible scattered at random

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24
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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25
Anaphase
Centromeres divide. chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell in a V shape.
26
Telophase
Two nuclei form. Cytoplasm divides. In plants the cytoplasm separates from the center, forming a cel plate. In animals the cell pushes inwards from the outer edge making a cleave furrow.
27
Prepare stained slide of onion root
Pinch off bottom 3 mm of root, soak in a 10ml beaker of HCl for 5 minutes. Transfer root to microscope slide. Add two drops of aceto-orcein stain and squash down with a flat tipped spatula until the cells are separated into single layers. Put cover slip over root cells and hear them for a few seconds over alcohol burner. Look at the slide under microscope.
28
A cell plate occurs in what and moves which way?
In plant cells, outwards
29
A cleavage furrow occurs in what and moves which way?
Animals, inwards.
30
Centromere
Is what holds the two chromatids of each chromosome together during prophase. Divide during anaphase
31
Cytokinesis is what?
When the cytoplasm of the original cell divides to fork two daughter cells
32
The spindle is
The structure made of microtubules that forms during prophase
33
Meristem
An area of actively dividing cells. Behind the root cap
34
What are centrioles?
Small sets of microtubules, are visible near the two poles of the spindle in animal cells. Not in plant cells.
35
What does macerate mean?
To soften in liquid
36
Aster
A star-shaped structure formed during division of the nucleus of an animal cell
37
Which phase is easiest to find in an onion root?
Interphase, because there was more interphase than anything else
38
What is the structure between the two daughter cells in telophase of plants called? What structure will form there?
Cell plate. Nucleus.
39
How does cytokinesis in plant cells contrast to cytokinesis in animal cells?
Animal cells divide outside toward the center. Plant cells divide inside toward the outside.
40
Assuming the cell cycle take 24 hours, how long does mitosis take?
Around 3 hours
41
Which stage of mitosis is the quickest?
Anaphase
42
Compare and contrast the appearance of the chromosomes in the onion root and the whitefish blastula
The chromosomes in the whitefish were much smaller and less defined than in the onion root
43
Chi-square test
Find the difference of your observed - expected results. Square the difference, then divide by expected, then add the results. Check the chart.
44
For the test cross
Draw Punnett squares to show possibilities of homozygous dominant or heterozygous. Calculate ratios
45
Gene
A unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring
46
Alleles
Alternate types of genes.
47
What is the test cross used for?
To work out an unknown genotype
48
Genotype
The genetic makeup of the individual
49
Phenotype
The physical appearance
50
Homozygous
Have a pair of matching alleles
51
Heterozygous
One dominant allele and one recessive, not matching
52
The genotype is the
Actual makeup of the allele pair
53
A phenotype is the
Outward physical expression of a gene
54
A monohybrid cross studies
One trait (ex farsighted or not farsighted)
55
A dihybrid cross studies
Two traits (ex earlobes and widows peak. WwEe x WwEe)
56
Co-dominance is when
Both alleles are expressed at the same time. Example is blood groups. They both affect the phenotype
57
Chromosomes
Carry genetic information in the form of genes
58
Somatic cells
Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells
59
An autosome is
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
60
Gel electrophoresis
Separated molecules on the basis of their charge and size.
61
Applications if gel electrophoresis
Detect and differentiate cancer types, test for genetic disorders to assess an individual's risk for diseases, determine genetic sequences for many organisms, use GE in paternity testing or in forensic DNA analysis.
62
Why do charged molecules migrate across the gel during electrophoresis?
Because they are placed in an electric field. The gel acts as a sieve to retard the passage of molecules according to their size and shape. Negatively charged molecules migrate toward the positive electrode, and pos-charged to the negative.
63
Electrophoresis experiment
Horizontal gels are used bc they are easy to prepare and load. Melted gel material is poured across a glass play and wells are formed using a comb. Buffer solution added. Samples are added to the wells. The electrical current is applied and the molecules will appear as a series of bands on the gel.
64
Sample gels
The resulting hands can be compared such as defending paternity, species relationships, crime scenes, etc.
65
What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and what does it do?
It is a tool that can be used to focus in on a segment of DNA and copy it billions of times over. It is used to diagnose diseases, identify bacteria and viruses, March criminals to crime scenes, etc.
66
What percentage of your DNA do you share with your
Father: 50% Grandmother: 25% Sister: 50%
67
Electrophoresis
Separate macromolecules based on size
68
Buffer
Slows down
69
Isoelectric point
The pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electric charge
70
Proteins: cytochrome C
Stain color: Orange Function: electron transport chain Isoelectric point: 10.2 Net charge at pH 8.6: positive
71
Proteins: myoglobin
Stain color: brown Function: stores oxygen in muscle Isoelectric point: 7.2 Net charge at pH 8.6: negative
72
Proteins: hemoglobin
Stain color: red Function: carries oxygen in blood Isoelectric point: 6.8 Net charge at pH 8.6: negative
73
Proteins: albumin
Stain color: blue Function: transports molecules in blood Isoelectric point: 4.8 Net charge at pH 8.6: very negative
74
RFLP analysis
When a single gene or protein cannot be isolated, but the whole DNA sample can be cut with special enzymes called restriction enzymes. The DNA fragments can be separated in a gel by size. Ex. In lab: crime scene analysis
75
Forelimb
Humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges
76
Human ancestor skulls, oldest to youngest
``` Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo neandertalensis Homo sapiens ```
77
Skulls: Australopithecus
Age: 3.5-2.7 MYA Location: Africa Brain size: 500 cm^3 Approx height: 3.5 feet
78
Skulls: homo habilis
Age: 2.0-1.4 MYA Location: Africa Brain size: 600 cm^3 Approx. height: 4.5 ft
79
Skull: homo erectus
Age: 1.5 MYA- 50,000 years Location: Asia, Africa Brain size: 1200 cm^3 Approx height: 5-6 ft
80
Skulls: homo neandertalensis
Age: 130,000 - 30,000 years Location: Asa, Europe Brain size: 1400 cm^3 Approx height: 4-6 ft
81
Skulls: Homo sapiens
Age: 100,000- present Location: worldwide Brain size: 1300 cm^3 Approx height: 5-6 ft
82
Which human species were the first to bury their dead?
Neandertalensis
83
Which skull is homo erectus, and how can you tell?
The third because it is longer skull, but smaller than the Neanderthal. Third largest.
84
How do biologists tell the difference between fossil species that were quadrupeds and those that were bipeds?
Based on their spine
85
Which homo species was the earliest to use fire?
Homo erectus
86
Apart from the distribution of fossils, what evidence exists that humans evolved in Africa?
There is DNA evidence.
87
Bipedal
Walking on two legs
88
Natural selection
Species adapt to current circumstances. It is the differential reproductive success of pre-existing classes of genetic variants in the gene pool.
89
Petrifaction
The process by which organic matter exposed to minerals over a long period of time is turned into a stony substance.
90
Fossils are found in what kind of rock?
Sedimentary

Biology (6 decks)

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