Chapters 5-7 - Exam 2 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
_______ - material, natural, physical
A
Physics
2
Q
_______ - after or beyond physics
A
Metaphysics
3
Q
_______ - knowledge and justification
A
Epistemology
4
Q
_______ - What is ultimately real?
A
Metaphysics
5
Q
_______ - How Do You Know?
A
Epistemology
6
Q
_______ - The ever changing world we live in. Evolving
A
World of BECOMING
7
Q
_______ - Coreness up there somewhere. Blueprints for everything
A
World of BEING
8
Q
-WHO-
If all is becoming here, there must be a fixed being-ness somewhere else…a place for Forms.
A
Plato
9
Q
-WHO-
If everything is changing down here, there must be a core up there somewhere
A
Plato
10
Q
-WHO-
Reality exists in a World of Being that is beyond our world of experience.
A
Plato
11
Q
a soul receptor for pure
reason,
____________________________
spirited element,
appetites, desires
A
Plato’s Tripartite Soul
12
Q
appetites, desires
spirited element,
a soul receptor for pure
reason,
A
Plato’s Tripartite Soul
13
Q
________ – blueprint, archetype,
the ideal essence
A
Form
14
Q
________ – exist beyond us from which the world of objects has been patterned.
A
Forms (Ideals)
15
Q
-WHO-
Forms (Ideals)
exist beyond us from which the world of objects has been patterned.
A
Plato
16
Q
______ - are Universal and Eternal (Pure understanding)
A
Forms
17
Q
Plato’s Divided Line of reality: Two Worlds
- ____________
- ____________
____________________________
- Appearing things are not pure Forms.
- My own idea is my imagination
A
- Pure understanding (Forms)
- Reasoning about Essence or Ideals
18
Q
Plato’s Divided Line of reality: Two Worlds
- Pure understanding (Forms)
- Reasoning about Essence or Ideals
____________________________ - ____________
- ____________
A
- Appearing things are not pure Forms.
- My own idea is my imagination
19
Q
Plato’s Tripartite Soul:
- ____________
____________________________
- spirited element, willpower
- appetites, desires
A
-a soul receptor for pure
reason, rationality
20
Q
Plato’s Tripartite Soul
- a soul receptor for pure
reason, rationality
____________________________ - ____________
- ____________
A
- spirited element, willpower
- appetites, desires
21
Q
________ - Works for all things:
justice, goodness,
human-ness
A
Forms
22
Q
Plato:
Our world is a world of _________:
Incomplete variations of _________.
A
- Becoming
- Forms
23
Q
Plato:
If the knowledge of pure ________ does not exist down here, it must ________ up there somewhere
A
- justice
- exist
24
Q
Plato:
Yet, we have an idea of pure _______. We have a nagging, stubborn idea of _______ that is hard to deny.
A
- justice
- justice
25
In the picture of Plato and Aristotle:
Plato points ________
Aristotle points ________
- Upward
| - Down to earth
26
Aristotle: There is truth is in _________
Perception
27
-WHO-
Rational beings reasoning rightly can rightly reason what is rationally real.
Aristotle
28
(hylomorphism)
Hyle – ________
Morphe – _______
- matter
| - shape
29
-WHO-
Matter is shaped by a Form;
Form requires a certain Matter.
Aristotle
30
Aristotle:
Every “_______” is form and matter.
thing
31
Aristotle:
In reality, form and matter are _______.
inseparable
32
Aristotle:
```
A thing (________) has a formal cause,
a given form.
```
being
33
-WHO-
All forms interconnect with matter.
Aristotle
34
Aristotle:
Reasoning people ________ _________
Reason rightly
35
Aristotle:
If not in the “optimal bell curve” of agreement,
one is a:
beast or god
36
-WHO-
If not in the “optimal bell curve” of agreement,
one is a beast or god.
Aristotle
37
Aristotle:
| Four Causes Understood in Being a Thing:
- Formal
- Matter
- Efficiency
- Final
38
-WHO-
Idealism or Rationalism:
Plato
39
-WHO-
Naturalism
Aristotle
40
________ - a purposed end
entelechy
41
________ - inherent in form, matter, efficiency…
| creative drive or inner urge that impels all things toward their purpose and full being-ness
entelechy
42
________ - is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency
the golden mean
43
-WHO-
Empiricism (Naturalism)
Aristotle
44
Pure Ideas (Forms)
Distinct Truths (Math)
_____________ -
World of Being
45
_____________ -
Perceptions
Opinions
World of Becoming
46
Aristotle:
________________ -
```
We need to climb
out of our cave of shadowy opinions
and perceptions
and come
into the light of
pure truth
```
World of Reality
47
Descartes:
________________ -
How do I know?
What’s going on in my brain?
Epistemological question
48
Descartes:
How do I know? What’s going on in my brain?
Then, I can answer
“the ________________” question
What is reality
49
Descartes:
________________ -
The Knower and The Known Disconnect
The Subject – Object Divide
50
Descartes:
Can you trust your senses?
Do you compute exactly what your senses sense?
- ________________
The Subject – Object Divide
51
________________ -
How do I know?
Epistemology
52
-WHO-
Radical Doubt
Descartes
53
Descartes Radical Doubt:
1. He begins with a clean slate by eliminating all he ________________
He’s been wrong in the past and
he may be wrong at any time.
has come to know
54
Descartes Radical Doubt:
2. He wonders about whether our present awareness could be a lot like __________.
dreaming
55
Descartes Radical Doubt:
3. He wonders whether this is all a product of an evil genius…life is just a ______________
deceptive realism.
56
Descartes Radical Doubt:
Think Matrix!
Nothing we sense:
is really real.
57
Descartes Radical Doubt:
In all his radical doubting, it dawns upon Descartes that he has been :
thinking the whole time
58
Descartes Radical Doubt:
I exist as a thinking being!
I think, therefore, I am.
-_________________
Cogito, ergo, sum!
59
Descartes honeycomb:
honeycomb loses all its identity as a honeycomb by way of his ________.
Yet, his mind over-rules his ________
and continues to tell him this is
the honeycomb
senses
60
-WHO-
Mind over Matter.
Descartes
61
Descartes:
_______________ -
thinking thing overrides sense data
Mind over matter
62
Descartes:
Mind over matter-
Self over ________
Senses
63
-WHO-
Without my mind, my sensual experience remains unknown,
un-interpretable and open to confusion
Descartes
64
Descartes:
___________ -
puts more faith in thinking thing than in the physical senses
Rationalism
65
Descartes:
___________ :
As long as my ideas are clear and distinct, I can be confident of their truth-value.
Rationalism
66
Descartes:
Only known truth is there is a ________
God
67
-WHO-
The idea of God is undeniable
Descartes
68
Descartes:
A good _______________ puts undeniable ideas in my head
Non-Deceptive
69
Descartes:
Good God gives you a good _____________ to figure out this world
thinking thing
70
Descartes Rationalism;
The mind interprets and defines the truth of my:
material, sense experience
71
Descartes:
Innate ideas, put there by _______
God
72
Descartes Second Intuition:
I have an idea of an Infinite Being
when I am only _______.
finite
73
Descartes:
Proof of Perfection
How do perfect ideas/ ideals
get into my head?
God puts them there.
74
__________ - the view or theory that the self is all that can be known to exist.
Solipsism
75
Solipsism - the idea that only one's own _______ is sure to exist.
Mind
76
_______ -the relationship between mind and matter which claims that mind and matter are two separate categories.
Dualism
77
-WHO-
Empiricism
John Locke
78
John Lockes Empiricism:
No innate ideas, Just ____________
Sense experience
79
-WHO-
Sense experience alone leads to knowledge
John Locke
80
John Locke:
We are a "_____________"
A blank tablet, clean slate
Tabula Rasa
81
-WHO-
We are a "Tabula Rasa"
A blank tablet, clean slate
John Locke
82
John Locke:
All we know is sense data or _________
Experience
83
Empiricism
The senses and _____________
are the primary determinant
of what is real.
sense experience
84
John Locke:
Objects somehow impress themselves
on my _______, which then impresses that ________ as a true idea in my brain
- Senses
| - object
85
-WHO-
Primary Qualities – The Essence
(out there)
Secondary Qualities – Variations
(in my mind)
John Locke
86
John Locke:
Primary Qualities – ___________
(out there)
Secondary Qualities – ___________
(in my mind)
- The Essence
| - Variations
87
-WHO-
Sense experience alone leads to knowledge
John Locke
88
__________ - the data i receive may not equal the idea I create
Subject-Object Divide
89
-WHO-
Rationalist, Faith in ideas from God
Descartes
90
-WHO-
Scientist, faith in senses
Locke
91
-WHO-
Solipsism, all that can be known is self
Berkeley
92
-WHO-
He concludes that everything happens
in the mind…yes, I have senses but
everything constructed from sense experience is in my mind.
Berkeley
93
________ - says all this is processed and organized by activities in the brain that have
no connection to the outside world.
Berkeley
94
________…
all that exists for me is my mind
and the ideas my mind creates
Solipsism
95
Berkeley:
Reality is just my _________.
perception
96
______________ - The ideas we hold to be real are products of our thinking minds.
What something really is…
is unknown to us.
Subjective Idealism
97
Berkeley:
Subjective Idealism
The ideas we hold to be real are products of our thinking minds.
What something really is…
is unknown to us.
98
Berkeley:
God is always perceiving and gives me confidence in my senses and experiences. He makes _______ out there the _______ I need in my brain
- reality
| - reality
99
-WHO-
We need God to validate our ideas from sense experience to overcome the subject – object divide
Berkeley
100
-WHO-
```
Locke is correct and sense data
is hitting our tabula rasa
and
Berkeley is correct, that all this
sense data is “developed” by and only in our minds,
```
But they are wrong about at least one thing…God!
Hume
101
Hume:
Show me the empirical proof
that _______ exists outside the
going-ons inside our heads.
God
102
-WHO-
Without evidential support, all thinking is skeptical.
Solipsism and Skepticism
Hume
103
-WHO-
I create ideas out of this chaos.
There’s no connection with the outside world.
Hume
104
_________-
No Good God of Order
No Third Party Observer
No Way to Validate My Ideas
Against Experience
No way to logically justify my clear and distinct ways of thinking
Skepticism
105
Hume’s Fork
All that we think is “_________” is customary or habitual thinking that is not supported by real evidence.
knowing
106
Hume:
The way we can play with ideas in our head when no proof
Relation of ideas
107
Hume;
Verifiable or self evident truths... that don't exist for Hume
Matters of fact
108
Hume:
As soon as science tells us an absolute truth, new evidence will arise to change science
Platipus principle
109
Kant:
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
3 categories…innate principles of reasoning
110
-WHO-
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
of ideas from sense data
Kant
111
Kant:
3 transcendental categories:
Self
Cosmos
God
112
Kant:
We are not creating reality, something in us creates reality
Color Blind test
113
Kant:
I can make sense of a world of experience in which my experiences happen.
Transcendental Idealism
114
```
Wants 2 senses of reality
___________…
What things appear to be
by way of Senses
and Categories
___________…
How things truly are,
in and of themselves,
which we will never know
```
- Phenomenal
| - Noumenal
115
__________…
What things appear to be
by way of Senses
and Categories
Phenomenal
116
___________…
How things truly are,
in and of themselves,
which we will never know
Noumenal
117
-WHO-
Your brain is hard wired to work in certain ways
Selection, Organization, Interpretation
Kant
118
Kant:
God is real but _________ (beyond our sense experience)
noumenal
119
-WHO-
The Bible is a high call to ethical ideals.
Feuerbach
120
Feuerbach:
The sacredness of religion is in the ________ of human truths behind the mythological or religious wording
unpacking
121
-WHO-
We can forgive ourselves and move on to a new ethical day and eventually transcend ourselves and soar to the realm of ultimate goodness…
Feuerbach
122
-WHO-
Evidentialism
William Clifford
123
-WHO-
It is wrong, everywhere and every time,
to make a decision on insufficient evidence.
Religion is a great danger.
Agnosticism is not a foundation for decision making.
William Clifford
124
William Clifford believes that religion is:
More negative than positive
125
-WHO-
Nihility
Nishitani
126
-WHO-
Religions provide a cosmology…the big narrative of who we are, why we are here…our place, plan and purpose.
Nishitani - Nihility
127
Nishitani :
Without religion, we do not have these narratives.
Life is meaningless, nothingness… _________
nihility
128
nihility - _________
Meaninglessness
129
_________ - When we seek to find meaning in life, we will finda meaning to guide our life…a real self-awareness in a reality.
nihility
130
-_________: The Unseen Reality is Brahman (Unknowable) From Brahman, all originates or emanates. We all have a “spark” of the The Whole.
Hinduism
131
________ - world around us and not the
maya
132
________ - reality we can know in our
samasara
133
________ - …our place, purpose and life plan.
atman
134
Hinduism: The more we live by way of samsara, the more we connect our _______ to The ________ reality.
- atman
| - Brahman
135
Hinduism: The more we live by way of samsara, the more we connect our atman to The Brahman reality.
This will lead us to “_______” and break our cycle of positive and negative reincarnations.
moksha
136
Hinduism: _______ is the belief and practice of exercising goodness as a way of life and self.
Karma
137
_______ - The more I leave goodness in this world is the more I approach a greater embrace of Brahman.
Karma
138
Yoga is a form of meditation and connection with my “_______” for the sake of “_______”
- atman
| - Brahman
139
Hinduism: If ________ is in everything, then everything is _______.
God
| God
140
Hinduism: _______ – timeless hymns that maintain our humility before our Creator
Vedas
141
_________ – epic stories of devotion (dharma) to model and emulate in our lives
Upanishads
142
________: There is no Brahman.
| There is no atman inside of me.
Buddhism
143
Buddhism: There is no ________.
| There is no ________ inside of me.
- Brahman
| - atman
144
________ ; Nature is the whole of reality.
| All of Nature is interconnected
Buddhism
145
________: The problem is that I think that “I am” I make decisions as I perceive the world around me.
I want. I take.
I will. I act.
Buddhism
146
Buddhism: Four Noble Truths
Life is _______. Life is disappointing. ________ is caused by attachments.
________ can be alleviated. There’s a cure.
Live without attachments.
Dukkha
Dukkha
Dukkha
147
Buddhism: ___________
| clear the mind, control monkey mind detached awareness, higher consciousness corrected-ness or centeredness
Meditation
148
_________-
| not heaven but momentary awareness of the whole of Nature and my place
Nirvana
149
________– devotion to a life lived within each moment by “self-in-nature-aware”
Dharma
150
_________: “The Way” to be one with the Undivided Whole.
But we can’t know the whole…ego-predicament
Maybe we can sense the Whole.
Taoism
151
________: Yin and Yang are the breath of The Tao, the creative rhythm of the universe.
Taoism
152
________- A return to eden
Judaism
153
________-
God and abraham
Covenant keepers
Judaism
154
________-
Jewish Messiah
Adam and Eve
Christianity
155
________-
Keys to submisson
Five pillars
Islam
156
________-
| Everything that exists has the essence of its existence determined by the Architect of all things existing
Ontology
| Ontological argument
157
________-
general pattern of argumentation (logos) that makes an inference from certain alleged facts about the world (cosmos) to the existence of a unique being, generally identified with or referred to as God.
Cosmological Argurement
158
________-
| How do you have undeniable ideas, where do they come from
Argument from Perfection
159
________-
| Someone or something designed the world with a purpose
Argument from design
160
________-
| We have innate ideas of morality
Argument from reality
161
___________ is an argument based on probability theory and game theory as for why one should live as if God exists, even though this cannot be proved or disproved through reason.
Pascal's wager
162
-WHO-
Why not live for meaning and hope and be pleasantly surprised
WIlliam James
163
-WHO-
| Live a life for God for a better life
William James
164
___________ - Either there is a God or there is not, Your good life depends on your choice
Pascals wager
165
-WHO-
Religion says we are unique,
Stand out for your individual self
Keirkegaards
166
__________ -
| You believe there is a God, god in heart
Theism
167
__________ -
| There is a God creator, leaves it in the hands of people to take care of things
Deism
168
__________ -
| Not enough evidence to decide if God exists
Agnosticism
169
__________ -
| Knows enough o conclude there is no God
Atheism
170
__________ -
| God is in everything, everywhere
Pantheism
171
___________- we all make decisions by idea or ideals we hold with faith, even science-led persons
presuppositionalism
172
_________ -nature is the only reality
naturalism
173
_________ - the practice of forming or pursuing ideals, especially unrealistically.
idealism
