Chapters 8-9 - Exam 3 - Final Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
_________ : Our understanding of what ought to be.. of what constitutes moral behavior.
A
Normative Ethics
2
Q
Normative Ethics : Our understanding of what _________ .. of what constitutes moral behavior.
A
ought to be
3
Q
_________ : is high bar and ought to
A
Normative
4
Q
_________ : Our observation about what is.. That we assume to be our ethic of morality.. It is what it is
A
Descriptive ethics
5
Q
Descriptive ethics: Our _________ about what is.. That we assume to be our ethic of _________ .. It is what it is
A
- observation
- morality
6
Q
_________ : Moral purpose or character
A
Ethos (Greek)
7
Q
_________ : Our observation about what is.. That we assume to be our ethic of morality.. It is what it is
A
Descriptive ethics
8
Q
_________ : Moral purpose or character
A
Ethos (Greek)
9
Q
_________ : It is what it is
A
Descriptive ethics
10
Q
_________ : Umbrella for everyone, All people all the time
A
Universal (ethics)
11
Q
Universal (ethics): Umbrella for _________ , All people _________
A
- everyone
- all the time
12
Q
_________ : to be obeyed by everyone
A
Absolute
13
Q
_________ : All man kind
A
Universal
14
Q
Moral _________ is an ethical view that particular actions are intrinsically right or wrong.
A
absolutism
15
Q
_________ : Ethics are relative to
A
Ethical relativism
16
Q
_________ : the normal is descriptive
A
Descriptive ethics
17
Q
_________ : are NOT the normal
A
Normative ethics
18
Q
_________ : Ethics are relative to a people, an individual, a time frame, a set of circumstances. and/or ones preferences.
A
Ethical relativism
19
Q
Ethical relativism: Ethics are relative to a _________ , an individual, a time frame, a set of _________ . and/or ones preferences.
A
- people
- circumstances
20
Q
Ethical relativism: relative to some “_________ “ or a “_________ “ not absolute or universal
A
- one
- culture
21
Q
_________ : Relative to ones own thinking. To each his own
A
Individual / Subjective
22
Q
Individual / Subjective: Relative to ones own _________ . To each _________
A
- thinking
- his own
23
Q
_________ : Matter of fact
A
Objective
24
Q
_________ : Gods divine law is revealed and/or inspires human kinds natural reason so that we “consciously” and innocuously know moral laws
A
Divine command theory
25
Divine command theory: Gods divine law is _________ and/or inspires human kinds natural _________ so that we "consciously" and innocuously know moral laws
- revealed
| - reason
26
_________ : with scriptures and reason, it is available to all
Divine Command Theory
27
_________ Law: the Good
Divine
28
_________ Law: How nature operates
Natural
29
Divine Law: the _________
good
30
Natural Law: How _________
nature operates
31
_________ : an obligation to duty
Deon
32
_________ : The ability to see clearly what is morally prescribed and do it without self serving exceptions because it is the right thing to do.
Deontological ethics
33
Deontological ethics: The ability to see clearly what is ________ prescribed and do it without self serving exceptions because it is the _________
- morally
| - right thing to do
34
_________ : The ability to see clearly what is morally prescribed and do it without self serving exceptions because it is the right thing to do.
Deontological ethics
35
Deontological ethics: The ability to see clearly what is ________ prescribed and do it without self serving exceptions because it is the _________
- morally
| - right thing to do
36
_________ : The right thing to do.. Is exceptional.. not an exception
Deontological ethics
37
Deontological ethics: The right thing to do.. Is _________ .. not an exception
exceptional
38
_________ : We know what we ought to do but it isn't what we always do
Problem of Inclinations
39
_________ : Habits, natural desires, knee jerk reactions, uncritical thinking.. pull us away from doing the good will we first think to do
Problem of Inclinations
40
Problem of Inclinations: Habits, natural desires, knee jerk reactions, _________ thinking.. pull us away from doing the _________ will we first think to do
- uncritical
| - good
41
Problem of Inclinations: Habits, natural desires, knee jerk reactions, _________ thinking.. pull us away from doing the _________ will we first think to do
- uncritical
| - good
42
_________ : If its right for everyone, for the sake of the community, then its right for you
Universalization
43
Universalization:If its right for _________ , for the sake of the community, then its _________ for you
- everyone
| - right
44
_________ : The universal law
The Categorical imperative
45
_________ : Act only according to the rule whereby, you can at the same time, will that it become a universal law
The Categorical imperative
46
The Categorical imperative: Act only according to the _________ whereby, you can at the same time, will that it become a _________ law
- rule
| - universal
47
_________ :
| Living for One’s Self-Interest
Ethical Egoism
48
Ayn Rands _________
Egoism
49
_________ : What is “right” is relative to each culture.
Cultural Relativism
50
_________ : Ethics do not come “top down” but are developed “ground up”
Cultural Relativism
51
_________ ;
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
When in Rome, your ethics don’t really count.
Cultural Relativism
52
_________ :
| idea-practice-pattern
Ruth Benedict
53
_________ :
an idea of what is profitable to a society is put into practice and is sanctioned as a pattern by rewards and punishments.
idea-practice-pattern:
54
idea-practice-pattern:
an _________ of what is profitable to a society is put into _________ and is sanctioned as a _________ by rewards and punishments.
- idea
- practice
- pattern
55
_________ : Our “polygamy” ethic is contingent to our culture and not to some universal or absolute sense of right and wrong
Cultural Relativism
56
-Cultural Relativist Thesis-
_________ :
Morality is dependent upon the culture.
Dependency Thesis
57
-Cultural Relativist Thesis-
Dependency Thesis:
_________ is dependent upon the _________ .
- Morality
| - culture
58
-Cultural Relativist Thesis-
_________ :
Morality varies from culture to culture.
Diversity Thesis
59
-Cultural Relativist Thesis-
Diversity Thesis:
Morality varies from _________ to _________.
- culture
| - culture
60
-Cultural Relativist Thesis-
_________ :
There are no absolute ethics.
All morals are relative.
Subjectivist Conclusion
61
-Cultural Relativist Thesis-
Subjectivist Conclusion:
There are no _________ ethics.
All morals are _________ .
- absolute
| - relative
62
Cultural Relativism
| Who’s to say our society
has the moral superiority to declare
that polygamy is universally wrong?
_________
skepticism
63
Cultural Relativism
| If no superiority, then no one culture corners the market on ethics.
_________
tolerance
64
Cultural Relativism
If no one culture has a moral superiority over another (_________ )
skepticism
65
Cultural Relativism
And all cultures must be accepted with a moral equality (_________ )
tolerance
66
“_________ ”
Rules or ethics that might be true in all societies in all times
core minimal moral laws
67
“core minimal moral laws”
Rules or ethics might be true in all _________ societies in all _________
- societies
| - times
68
```
Do not kill innocent people.
Do not cause unnecessary suffering.
Do not cheat and steal.
Keep your promises, your word.
Do not enslave others.
Act and judge justly.
Do not lie; speak the truth.
Help others; show kindness.
Reciprocate kindness.
Obey just laws.
```
These are:
“core minimal, universal moral laws”
69
_________ :
| I am my own ultimate moral authority.
Ethical Subjectivism
70
_________ :
| You are your own ultimate moral authority.
Ethical Subjectivism
71
-Ethical Subjectivism-
I am my own ultimate moral _________ .
You are your own ultimate moral _________ .
We are _________ .
- authority
- authority
- equals
72
In Ethical Subjectivism and Individual Relativism
If we Turn a blind eye? Are we Causing _________ to others?
harm
73
_________ : Virtue Ethics
Aristotle
74
_________ :
“Happiness is an activity of the soul
in accordance with complete virtue.”
Aristotle
75
Aristotle believed that “_________ ”
exist as a “_________ ” entity
in reasoning minds.
- excellences
| - universal
76
_________ believed that “excellences”
exist as a “universal” entity
in reasoning minds.
Aristotle
77
Aristotle believed we can all _________ reason our way to these highest _________ .
- naturally
| - excellences
78
Ethical Reasoning: Virtues
We aspire to know what are these goods or _________ because, in the end,
these goods assure our “_________ .”
- excellences
| - happiness
79
Aristotle: Ethical Reasoning: Virtues
We all want to secure happiness.
With reason, we can secure our
highest _________-es as we
reason towards the “_________ -est”.
- happiness
| - best
80
_________ : well-being, happiness
| not necessarily pleasures
Eudaimonia
81
Eudaimonia: _________-being, _________
| not necessarily pleasures
- well
| - happiness
82
Aristotle:
Ethics – Virtues - _________
Eudaimonia
83
Aristotle: Virtues
The Individual Exercise Of
The _________
Golden Mean
84
Aristotle: Virtues
Finding a particular path or mean through:
unhealthy extremes.
85
Aristotle: Virtues
With no appeal to a virtue, you are either a _________ or a _________ .
- beast
| - god
86
_________ - able to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time
Prudence
87
_________ - proper moderation between self-interest and the rights and needs of others
Justice
88
_________ - practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation
Restraint or Temperance
89
_________ - forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear and uncertainty, or intimidation
Courage or Fortitude
90
-Aristotle’s Reasoned Path to The Good-
Free to stop, reason and find the right virtue to lead you down the “_________ ”, the most virtuous path.
golden mean or middle
91
-Aristotle’s Reasoned Path to The Good-
Free to stop, reason and find the right virtue to lead you down the “golden mean or middle”, the _________
most virtuous path.
92
Aristotle’s Reasoned Path to The Good
| _________
The Golden Mean
93
Aristotle: Virtues
Reasoning People _________
Determine What Is Reasonable and Right
Reasoning Rightly
94
Immanuel Kant
Moral Components
I ought to…
We should…
This _________ ability separates us from being animals.
To be _________ is to reason ethically.
- reasoning
| - human
95
_________ :
Sense Input
Categories
Ideas
Immanuel Kant
96
```
_________ :
one evaluates what is best by the outcome or result of happiness,
well-being or satisfaction by way
of “calculation”…as a science of
determining outcomes.
```
Utilitarianism
97
Utilitarianism:
one evaluates what is best by the _________ or result of happiness, well-being or satisfaction by way
of “_________ ”…as a science of
determining outcomes.
- outcome
| - calculation
98
Jeremy Benthams _________
Utilitarianism
99
_________ : Utilitarianism ethics
Jeremy Benthams
100
_________ : Hedonism and Ethics
Jeremy Bentham
101
```
_________ :
We don’t go after our pleasures wisely and invariably cause ourselves pain.
So, let’s calculate how we’re going to
arrive at the best outcome
of pleasure and minimized pain.
```
Hedonism and Ethics
102
_________ :
The ethic: Always calculate what is the greatest pleasure, while considering the
affects of minimizing pain.
Jeremy Bentham
103
Hedonic Calculus
Utility Principle #1
Act always to promote the greatest _________ for the greatest _________ .
- happiness
| - number
104
_________
| Act always to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Utility Principle #1
105
Hedonic Calculus
Utility Principle #2
Any legitimate claim of _________ places upon us a moral duty to _________ that pain and _________ pleasure.
- suffering
- minimize
- maximize
106
_________
| Any legitimate claim of suffering places upon us a moral duty to minimize that pain and maximize pleasure.
Utility Principle #2
107
Hedonic Calculus
Utility Principle #2
Any legitimate claim of suffering places upon us a moral duty to minimize that pain and maximize pleasure.
(Buddhism – _________ .)
Allow no harm
108
Hedonism and Ethics
We don’t go after our _________ wisely and invariably cause ourselves pain.
So, let’s calculate how we’re going to
arrive at the best outcome
of pleasure and _________ pain.
- pleasures
| - minimized
109
Hedonism and Ethics
The ethic:
Always _________ what is the greatest
pleasure, while considering the
affects of _________ pain.
- calculate
| - minimizing
110
-Hedonic Calculus-
_________ :
Extent, the greatest good for the greatest number of people
7th Priority
111
-Hedonic Calculus-
7th Priority:
Extent, the _________ good for the greatest _________ of people
- greatest
| - number
112
_________ :
| Problem of Pig-Philosophy
John Stuart Mill
113
-John Stuart Mill-
Problem of Pig-Philosophy:
If you take _________ first 6 points to heart, you can wallow in your own personal _________ .
- Bentham’s
| - gluttonies
114
_________ :
| If you take Bentham’s first 6 points to heart, you can wallow in your own personal gluttonies.
Problem of Pig-Philosophy
| John Stuart Mill
115
-John Stuart Mill-
Problem of Pig-Philosophy:
If you take Bentham’s first 6 points to heart, there is no _________ guidance to
check your _________ pig-ly pleasures.
- moral
| - personal
116
_________ :
If you take Bentham’s first 6 points to heart, there is no moral guidance to
check your personal pig-ly pleasures.
Problem of Pig-Philosophy
| John Stuart Mill
117
```
_________ :
“It is better to be a human being
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied;
better to be Socrates dissatisfied
than a fool satisfied.”
```
(John Stuart Mill)
118
-John Stuart Mill-
Pleasure Principle and Refinement
Men lose high _________ as they lose
their intellectual tastes...and
addict themselves to inferior _________ .
- aspirations
| - pleasures
119
-John Stuart Mill-
Pleasure Principle and Refinement
The need for those with _________ qualities to choose what is _________ for us.
- highest
| - good
120
-John Stuart Mill-
_________ :
The need for those with highest qualities to choose what is good for us.
Pleasure Principle and Refinement
121
-John Stuart Mill-
Pleasure Principle and Refinement
Educate and _________
(greater good for the _________ number)
- Cultivate
| - greatest
122
-John Stuart Mill-
Pleasure Principle and Refinement
Government for the sake of _________ pleasures over _________ pleasures…
public education, libraries, museums
- higher
| - lower
123
_________ :
Fostering relationships.
Affection and Care for others.
Care ethics
124
_________ :
Sympathy, more than reason, is the basic moral capacity for determining ethics.
Care ethics
125
Care ethics:
| _________ , more than reason, is the basic _________ capacity for determining ethics.
- Sympathy
| - Moral
126
Care ethics:
Caring perspective…people perspective
over _________ rules and _________ .
- concrete
| - principles
127
_________ :
| Soren Kierkegaard
Existentialism
128
Existentialism:
| _________
Soren Kierkegaard
129
Existentialism
Soren Kierkegaard
Life is what I do.
_________ is living.
Ethics
130
_________ :
I can live as God created me to live and be
or
I can live as determined by people and forces around me.
Existentialism
131
Existentialism
Soren Kierkegaard
I can live as _________ created me to live and be
or
I can live as _________ by people and forces around me.
- God
| - determined
132
Seeds of Existentialism
_________ :
living honestly and courageously
in the moment, refusing to make excuses and not relying on groups or institutions for meaning and purpose.
doing what I passionately believe
I am meant to do
Authenticity
133
Seeds of Existentialism
Authenticity:
living _________ and _________
in the moment, refusing to make excuses and not relying on groups or institutions for meaning and purpose.
doing what I passionately believe
I am meant to do
- honestly
| - courageously
134
Seeds of Existentialism
Authenticity:
living honestly and courageously
in the moment, refusing to make _________ and not relying on groups or institutions for _________ and purpose.
doing what I passionately believe
I am meant to do
- excuses
| - meaning
135
Existentialism
_________ :
My basic nature and will are ignored, denied, obscured, or sacrificed for
institutions
abstractions
groups
church
(the crowd)
Inauthenticity
136
Existentialism
Inauthenticity:
My basic _________ and will are _________, denied, obscured, or sacrificed for
institutions
abstractions
groups
church
(the crowd)
- nature
| - ignored
137
Existentialism
Inauthenticity:
My basic nature and will are ignored, denied, obscured, or sacrificed for
```
institutions
abstractions
groups
church
(_________ )
```
the crowd
138
Existentialism
| no compromises
pure existing, _________
often going against the tide
authenticity
139
_________ :
a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
Existentialism
140
_________ :
| “Faith is immediacy after reflection.
Existentialism
141
Existentialism:
| “Faith is _________ after _________ .
- immediacy
| - reflection
142
-Existentialism-
Authenticity is _________
Inauthenticity is _________
- Morality
| - Immorality
143
Existentialism
Inauthenticity:
My basic nature and will are ignored, denied, obscured, or sacrificed for _________
The crowd
144
Existentialism
A god-devotion does not bring this God into focus…as the object or purpose of this “_________ ”.
immediacy
145
Existentialism
Reflection and Reaching
Despair…
inner struggle between _________ and _________
(sickness unto death)
- authenticity
| - inauthenticity
146
_________ :
| inner knowing of The Good or hard-wiring for all
Innate
147
_________ :
| Cultural Relativism
Ruth Benedict
148
Ruth Benedict:
| _________
Cultural Relativism
149
_________ :
| happiness is an activity exercised by the soul
Aristotle
150
Aristotle:
| _________ is an activity exercised by the _________
- happiness
| - soul
151
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan (The State)
Unfortunately, _________ is made up of people…who get corrupted and begin to take on more power to control the _________ people.
Government overreach.
- government
| - honest
152
_________ :
Unfortunately, government is made up of people…who get corrupted and begin to take on more power to control the honest people.
Government overreach.
Thomas Hobbes
| Leviathan (The State)
153
_________ ;
The government serves people by providing for all the people what the people or the majority may not provide
if left to ourselves.
John Locke
154
John Locke:
The government serves people by _________ for all the people what the people or the _________ may not provide
if left to ourselves.
- providing
| - majority
155
_________ :
| Veiled Ignorance as Justice
John Rawls
156
John Rawls:
| Veiled _________ as Justice
Ignorance
157
_________ :
| Socialism
Marx
158
Marx:
| _________
Socialism
