Chapters 5-9 Final Review Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
A ____ is a rule governed variant of a language.
A
Dialect
2
Q
Bilingual is defined as the ability to speak both languages fluently.
A
3
Q
The distinction between simultaneous bilinguals and sequential bilinguals is the ________in which they are introduced to the second language.
A
age
4
Q
Bilingual development can be complicated by the fact that bilingual children skills can vary by ________________.
A
language domain
5
Q
It is typical for bilingual children to have language loss.
A
true
6
Q
Code mixing is the use of phonological, lexical, morphosyntactic, or pragmatic patterns from two languages in _______________
A
same utterance
7
Q
Code mixing is considered a language disorder.
A
false
8
Q
At what age should you introduce both languages to be considered simultaneously bilingual?
A
3-5
9
Q
Speech emergence is what primary stage of speech and language development in bilinguals
A
stage III
10
Q
________ is defined as language specific features found in production of the other language.
A
transfer
11
Q
A _________conveys information from one language to another when the message is oral.
A
interpreter
12
Q
A _______conveys information from one language to another when the information is written.
A
translator
13
Q
In this stage of the primary stages of speech and language development of bilingual children,. They show improved comprehension and a receptive and expressive vocabulary of 6000 words.
A
stage IV
14
Q
In this stage of the primary stages of speech and language development of bilingual children, they undergo a silent period, they focus on receptive language
A
stage I
15
Q
________is referred to when bilinguals have skills in one language but not in the other
A
language dominance
16
Q
Being bilingual places you at risk for developing language disorders
A
17
Q
The distance between the level of performance a child can reach unaided and the level of participation that can be accomplished when guided is what ___________ is based on.
A
dynamic assessment
18
Q
Evidence based practice refers to valid, is based on:
A
Clinical research, reliable and valid therapy that has been tested
19
Q
The outer ear is made up of the ear canal and the __________
A
eardrum
20
Q
The middle ear is the space behind the eardrum. It contains the smallest bones of the body and they are known as the __________
A
ossicles
21
Q
Otitis media is an ___________
A
ear infection
22
Q
Damage to the sensory/hair cells in the cochlea result in which type of hearing loss?
A
sensory hearing loss
23
Q
A problem of the outer or middle ear that prevents sound from being transferred properly is known as a _________
A
conductive hearing loss
24
Q
50% of the sensorineural hearing loss is due to birth complications due to prematurity
A
25
The degree of hearing loss from otitis media is 50 decibels.
false
26
Ear infections occur most often in children between 6 months and 2 years because of inflammation of the eustachian tube, upper respiratory tract infections and ____________.
The angle and length of the eustachian tube
27
A minimal hearing impairment is a loss of 16-25 dB HL.
true
28
Noise induced hearing loss can be caused by a lot of exposure to noise.
true
29
Some toys produce sounds as loud as the noise of a jet plane
true
30
Difficulty perceiving speech that is is affected by background noise and competing signals in the contralateral ear or rapid presentation are called:
Central auditory processing disorders
31
Unilateral hearing loss does not affect academic progress.
false
32
It describes the type, degree and configuration of the hearing loss ___________.
audiogram
33
It describes the type, degree and configuration of the hearing loss ___________.
audiogram
34
Hertz (Hz) is the number of cycles that an object makes when put into motion
true
35
A unit for expressing the relative intensity (loudness of sounds.)
decibels
36
A mild hearing loss is
21-40 dB HL
37
The method of calculating the number of morphemes in children’s utterances involves counting some 2-3 word phrases as only a single word.
true
38
Mean Length utterance is the average number of morphemes in children’s words.
true
39
There are______ morphemes in the following utterance. ”I saw Big Bird”
3
40
The number of morphemes in the following statement are….” My mom works at school.”
6
41
Abilities present at birth in the human brain that are not acquired are known as_________
innate
42
An organized representation of knowledge is also known as a _________.
schemas
43
There are three types of neurons, _________, sensory and interneuron
motor
44
Children have an expressive vocabulary of _________ at 24 months.
200
45
When a child learns two languages, the child’s true vocabulary knowledge is scored, rather than the language that is being learned. This is known as ____________.
Conceptual scoring
46
When a child labels all animals that are furry and have 4 legs “doggy” it is known as _________.
overextension
47
The cognitive process that involves fitting this new entity into an existing schema is called_________.
Assimilation
48
___________involves changing an existing schema to make the new entity fit.
Accommodation
49
What is the stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development where children form ideas based on their perceptions
preoperational
50
____________ are things or events that excite infants; sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell
stimuli
51
In this stage of Piaget’s theory of development, Children discover the environment, and learn through sensory perception and motor activity.____________
sensorimotor
52
__________is when children remember that an object exists even if it is not seen.
object permanence
53
Between 18-12 months, infants can anticipate events they also establish goals and ways of getting what they want. This is known as _________________
means end behavior
54
When children understand the world through mental operations rather than actions it is known as ____________
Representational thought
55
Language and play are both dependent on __________,
engagement
56
When children create roles for others in a play scheme is known as __________.
decentration
57
Two things that play a role in children’s pretend play are causal cognition and _________
counterfactual reasoning
58
During joint attention when the infant and another person share the same direction of eye gaze, the most significant feature is that ___________
they say their first words
59
__________awareness is a factor in children’s literacy development
phonological
60
___________allows children to hold, process and manipulate information or keep this information in mind.
working memory
61
The ability to perceive and understand sounds that are associated with spoken language is _________
auditory perception
62
The first stage of babbling in which the infant produces the same consonant vowel syllables is known as______________
Reduplicated babbling
63
Babbling occurs between these months_________
5-10
64
In what stage of infant productions do you hear vegetative sounds such as burping and coughing?
reflexive
65
The speech production that is very similar to an adults speech production in intonation and rhythm and is intermixed with real words is known as_________
jargon
66
The four stages of cognitive skills are: perception, attention, memory, thought and __________
reasoning
67
The knowledge needed to achieve or accomplish a goal. Knowledge that was not explicitly taught or talked about to the infant. Instead, it is knowledge that is possessed by the infant._________
practical intelligence
68
What is the requirement in understanding pronouns?
perspective talking
69
Prosody is a communicative tool that involves __________, intensity and frequency when producing words.
duration
70
Speech is defined as the verbal means of communicating through____________
articulation
71
Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that create a _________ in meaning.
meaning
72
Theory of mind is the ability to understand the mental states of _____________.
others
73
A person, place or thing is a ___________.
noun
74
Communication is the process of exchanging information through a speaker’s ideas, _______, feelings, needs, or desires.
thoughts
75
An example of a paralinguistic cue is ______________.
affect
76
Linguistic competence involves the acquisition and use of ___________, phonology, syntax, and semantics.
morphology
77
Phonology is the part of language that is concerned with the ______________of speech sounds for word formation.
combination
78
Language is defined as a shared ______ that represents concepts through the use of arbitrary ____________.
code; symbols
79
A phonological process describes a child’s production that ___________ from the target word produced by adults
differs
80
Syntax is a component of language that involves ______ for combining words to form sentences.
rules
81
Grammar is the description of a language with respect to its components. These are ______, content and use
form
82
Verbs are _____ words.
action
83
Morphemes are the ____________ distinctive units of words that determine meaning
minimum
84
Semantics describes the ________ that is conveyed by words.
meaning
85
Pragmatics refers to the appropriate use of language in _____________.
social interaction
86
A speech act labels a speaker’s __________ or __________.
intent/meaning
87
Modal auxiliary verbs makes speech more__________.
polite
88
Cognition involves knowledge and _______________.
intellectual level
89
Working memory is defined as the holding of _____________in mind as well as updating it when necessary.
information
90
______________ allows you to know what information is already known by the listener.
social cognition
91
______________ refers to the cognitive abilities used to control and coordinate information for planning goals, controlling responses, keeping information, shifting between tasks.
executive function
92
Metalinguistic abilities are the ability to think overtly about ___________; manipulate the structural features of phonemes, words or sentences
language
93
__________________ is the child’s self-knowledge of his own language and thought processes.
metacognition
94
The Central Nervous system in humans is composed of the ________ and _________.
brain and spinal cord
95
The basic functional unit of the nervous system. A nerve cell that receives and sends electrical signals within the body.
neuron
96
The ability of the brain to change and adapt when the individual is exposed to new experiences is called______________.
neuroplasticity
97
Chemicals that allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across a synaptic cleft are _______________.
neurotransmitters
98
Nerve cells that transmit information to the central nervous system that includes sensations: sight, touch, smell, hearing are ____________
sensory neurons
99
Nerve cells that transmit directions to muscles for movement are _____________.
motor neurons
100
____________is the cell body of the neuron and integrates and transmits information to other cells.
soma
101
The _____________allows transfer of sensory, motor and cognitive information between the two hemispheres.
corpus callosum
102
The ___________ is the projection of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from the neuron.
axon
103
The _________is the projection of the nerve cell that conducts impulses to the cell body.
dendrite
104
The ___________is responsible for control of connected speech efforts important for performance of voluntary actions.
cerebellum
105
The ____________ is responsible for planning, execution, and monitoring, writing.
Parietal Lobe
106
The ___________is responsible for speech reception or understanding of spoken language.
temporal lobe
107
____________is the primary auditory area and plays a role in processing linguistic information.
heschls gyrus
108
____________is located in the left frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production.
Brocas area
109
____________is located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for understanding sounds
Wernickes area
110
A bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca’s are to Wernicke’s area is the ____________.
Arcuate Fasciculus
111
This cranial nerve is involved in facial expression._______
VII
112
This cranial nerve is innervates the speech production muscles._______
V
113
This cranial nerve is involved in the function of the tongue and pharynx.________
IX
114
_____________is the ability to discriminate between sounds.
Categorical perception
115
A sheet that covers some neurons and allows the electrical stimulation to move faster from neuron to neuron is the ________________.
myelin
116
The ___________ is the space between neurons.
synaptic cleft
117
The _________lobe is responsible for visual sensory input.
occipital lobe
118
Is a type of neuron that fires when individuals perceive the facial expressions or actions of others.
mirror neuron
119
The ability to draw conclusions from written text is known as _______________.
abstract thought
120
A subcortical structure that plays a role in reading and language processing is the ____________.
basal ganglia
121
_________________. Is the relay station, conveying information to and from the cerebral cortex
thalamus
122
The ability to understand others’ mental states, such as an individual’s beliefs, intents and wishes is ____________.
theory of mind
123
An innate language acquisition device (LAD) allows children to establish grammatical information from spoken language.
Principles and Parameters
124
Language develops through experience with language as it is used in the environment. Language information is gained from interaction with peers and adults with more advanced language skills.
Social interaction
125
Language develops through pattern finding for language used across different situations.
Emergentism
126
Children learn through schemas, consisting of psychological structures that allow children to attach meaning to entities.
cognitive
127
_______________are innate language general rules that include general principles that apply to all languages.
principles
128
_____________are psychological structures that allow children to understand, attach meaning and organize knowledge about entities they are exposed to in the environment.
schemas
129
________________are language specific rules that apply to the specific syntactic structure for different languages.
parameters
130
__________________ is the approach frequently used by adults to support learning language.
Scaffolding
131
_______________is the ability to produce words for entities or events that are out of sight.
object permanence
132
________________describes the distance between a child’s actual development and ta child’s and his potential development.
Zone of proximal development
