Stuart Britain > CHARLES II > Flashcards

CHARLES II Flashcards

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1
Q

Dates of Charles’ parliaments

A
  • CAVALIER PARLIAMENT, 18 SESSIONS FROM 1661- JAN 1679
  • Exclusion parliament 1, March-May 1679, included a house of commons determined to exclude James
  • Exclusion parliament 2, Oct 1680 - January 1681
  • Exclusion parliament 3, March 1681-March 1681, convened in Parliament, Charles dramatically dissolved and wouldn’t call another one.
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2
Q

Charles’ reign divided into 4 sections:

A
  • 1660-7, politics dominated by Clarendon,
  • 1667-78, emergence of Tory and Whig parties, CABAL from 67-74 and Danby from 74-79
  • 1678-81, ecxlusion period, tumultuous
  • 1681-85, stuart revenge, mild absolutism,
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3
Q

Quotes on Charles II as an unambitious King

A
  • Lord Rochester: ‘he never said a foolish thing, nor did a wise one’
  • Daniel Defoe: ‘lazy, long, lasivious reign’
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4
Q

How many illegitimate children did Charles have?

A

15 by 17 mistresses
had serious political consequences later on in his reign - Monmouth
spent A LOT on his mistresses and children, financial issues

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5
Q

Acts under the Clarendon code

A
  • Corporation act 1661
  • Act of uniformity 1662
  • The coventicle act 1664
  • Five Mile act 1665
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6
Q

When was the Act of indemnity and oblivion and what did it do?

A

29th Aug 1660
Pardoned those who had opposed the crown during the civil war and interregnum, being venegful was counterproductive
APART FROM A FEW REGICIDES
Interrgenum to be legally forgotten,

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7
Q

How much did the Convention parliament grant Charles in Sep 1660?

A

£1.2 mill a year
He didn’t actually get this amount until 1674

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8
Q

When was Thomas Harrison executed and significance?

A

3rd Oct, hung drawn and quartered, he had been a major general and leading regicide

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9
Q

what/when Worcestor House Declaration

A

Oct 1660
wanted no persecution against dissenters and independent sects
wanted toleration! and shows Charles’ commitment to a tolerant religious settlement

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10
Q

what/when Quaker’s declaration

A
  • 1660
  • affirmed their pacificism
  • distanced them from any involvement or political upheaval which removd the threat to the King
  • REMOVING QUAKER THREAT
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11
Q

when was Cromwell’s corpse dug up and with who else

A

Jan 1661
Corpses of Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw were dug up and exhumed

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12
Q

what/when Venner rising

A

6th Jan 1661
5th Monarchists led by Thomas Venner led a force attemptong to overthrow the restored monarchy
3 days long
Pushed Royalists in parliament to fear independency and made them want less toleration

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13
Q

When was Charles crowned in England

A

23rd April 1661

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14
Q

what/when Savoy House conference

A

April-July 1661
inytended to reach a compromise between Presbyterian and CofE
rejected CHarles’ settlement
Charles says there will be space for Presbyterians in CofE but they don’t think that is enough, then high church Anglicans have control and are determined to crush the Presbyterians, SO FAILED
- Presbyterian negotiators were inflexible
- Overall disaster for Charles
- This disaster is reflected in parliament through clarendon code, able to enforce because of the power over finance which parliament holds

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15
Q

What/when Corporation act

A

Part of the Clarendon code,
1661
restricted members of governing bodies to those who conformed to Anglicanism

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16
Q

what/when Militia act 1661

A

1661
confirmed the monarch as the supreme commander of the army and navy

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17
Q

What/when Act of tumultuous petitioning

A

1661
aimed to prevent large petitions and the nunber of individuals presenting them to King and parliament

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18
Q

When was the 1641 Bishops exclusion act repealed

A

1661
this now allowed Bishops back into the House of Lords, this increased the amount of support for Charles in the Lords which let him have more power there

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19
Q

what/when, act for safety and preservation of his majesties person and government

A

1661
made it punishable to accuse the king of popery or to incite hatred of the monarch,
CAVALIER PARLIAMENT MORE THAN THE KING

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20
Q

when was the first meeting of the Cavalier parliameny

A

1661
meets every years apart from 1672 and 6, until 1679

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21
Q

When did Charles marry Catherine of Braganza

A

May 1662
Clarendon arranged this

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22
Q

what/when license act

A

1662
prevented the printing of pamphlets without a license
EFFECTIVELY CENSORSHIP

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23
Q

what/when Hearth tax

A

1661, was a progressive tax, the more hearths a home had - the ore tax they had to pay, CAUSED RESENTMENT FROM THE UPPER CLASSES THOUGH, additional income for the king BUT Charles spending still exceeded income.

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24
Q

what/when Act of uniformity

A

1662
part of the clarendon code
enforced the new prayer book
decreed that all church ministers who refused to accept the restored Church were to leave their livings,
1909 minsters left the Church becuse of this

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25
when was the selling of Dunkirk and to who
1662 sold to Louis XIV for £375,000 parliament very unhappy with this, and Clarendon had orchestrated it, opposition to him grew
26
what/when first declaration of indulgence
1662 showed charles' opposition to the Clarendon code, wanted to extend toleration by suspending laws agiainst dissenters and allowing him to exempt certain people from the acts HE CANCELLED THIS IN 1663
27
what/when quaker act
1662 harsh punishment for quakers
28
what/when triennial act
1664 a weaker triennial act than that of 1641 said parliament SHOULD be called every 3 years but didn't actually have to be
29
what/when conventicle act
1664 part of the clarendon code forbade worship conducted outside the church in meetings of 5 or more
30
what/when 5 mile act
1665 part of the clarendon code prevented expelled ministers and teachers from coming within 5 miles of any town
31
when did the second Anglo-Dutch war start
1665
32
When did the plague hit London
1665
33
when was the Great fire of London
1666
34
when did France and Denmark join the war against England
1666
35
when was Clarendon removed
1667 ocntributed to a major shift in power dynamics dismissed because he was blamed for anglo-dutch war (which he ahd opposed) and the infertility of Catherine
36
who was Clarendon
had escpaed with Charles after the third civil war he authored the declaration of Breda was committed to good relations between crown and parliament
37
dates of the cabal
1667-73 Thomas Clifford Henry Bennet George Villiers Anthony Ashley Cooper - later Shaftesbury John Maitland had great influence and power over the King, politics and power from this time
38
what/when BATTLE OF MEDWAY
June 1667 biggest English naval defeat Happened in the Medway Led to the end of the Anglo Dutch war and the Treaty of Breda
39
what/when conventicle act
1664 reinforced persecution of dissenters and removed JP's who were too leniant (some JP's were dissenters) CHarles was forced t pass this in order to get a subsidy for the Anglo-Dutch war
40
what/when treaty of dover
1670 SECRET treaty between Louis XIV and Charles II said Charles woudl declare himself a Catholic when thw time was right, would be more tolerant to Catholics, would join the war with France against the Dutch IN RETURN Louis would give Charles £200,000 a year
41
what/when stop of the exchequer
1672 Charles suspended payment of Royal Debt Did this to divert funds to Anglo-dutch war
42
what/when third anglo dutch war
1672-4 England and France against the Dutch Charles forced to end in 1674, when parliament refuse to grant him money because aspects of Treaty of Dover revealed
43
when did Charles issue his second declaration of indulgence and what did it say
1672 wanted to supend the penal code against all non-conformists, Catholics and dissenters alike shocked and horrified parliament
44
when did Charles cancel his second declaration of indlugence
1673 and had to agree to the test act instead did to appease parliament
45
what/when Test act
1673 forbade any non-anglicans from holding any oublic office like Catholics JAMES, DUKE OF YORK RESIGNS FROM HIS POST AFTER THIS SO HIS CATHOLICISM BECOMES KNOWN, Clifford from the Cabal would also resign which would lead to tyhe end of the Cabal and rise of Danby Fears of a catholic conspiracy arise
46
Danby's aims
* very different to that of the Cabal * more in tune to the political nation * committed to the CofE * oppposed to toleration for Catholics and dissenters * pro-Dutch, anti-French foreign policy * He negotiated the amrriage of William and Mary * Sought to create a 'Court' party * dominated political life from 1674-8
47
when did the third anglo-dutch war end and with what treaty
1674 Treaty of Westminster
48
successful financial developments under Danby
* the end of the third anglo-dutch war meant a decrease in costs and a boom in trade * between 1674-77 royal income averaged £1.4m a year, half from customs duties which was Danb's aim of increased trade
49
HOw mich did crown spending increase from 1674-9
£750,000
50
When were Shaftesbury and Buckingham imprisoned in the tower and why?
feb 1677 for claiming new elections should be held
51
what did parliament do in 1677 because of their fear of France and what was Charles' reaction
granted £600,000 for the year on the condition of an alliance AGAINST France Charles felt cornered, and argued that if he agreed ' no other state would any longer believe in the sovreignity of the Crown'
52
1677 Anglo-Dutch treaty
Dec 1677 Charles agreed to impose peace terms on Louis using force if neccesary parliament consequently voted to rise an army of 30,000 men and £1 million (£300,000 only ever raised)
53
when did political proto-parties begin to emerge
from 1674-8 court and country parties
54
what was the court party
sought to strengthen the monarchy would become tories later on
55
what was the country party
defend parliamentary rights against the corwn's preogative party would become whigs
56
what did Danby's actions give rise to the fear of
popery and absolutism
57
what were danby's actions that caused his downfall
* his corruption of MP's * presecution of dissenters * creation of a 'court' party * failure to alter Charles' pro french policy
58
Danby's downfall
* Montagu - former ambassadoir to France - presented evidence of Danby's knowledge of Charles' continued relations with Louis * Mp's then believed that he was helping install absolutism * renewed drive to impeach him * in order ton avoid this and more details of Charles' business coming out, Charles dissolves parliament
59
when did Charles dissolve parliament to stop Danby from being impeached
24th January 1679
60
when di the first allegations of the popish plot airse
Aug 1678 Titus Oates and Israel Tonge leads to increased paranoia and exclusion crisis many MP's were convinced there was a 'damnable and hellish plot'
61
what did the popish plot lead to
MASS PANIC AND HYSTERIA 35 catholics were killed led to a feirce capaign to bar Duke of York from throne would result in emergence of Tories and Whigs and fall of Danby
62
when did Oates swear in front of Godfrey that he was telling the truth
Sep 1678 spo convincing that the council ordred the arrest of all leading jesuits THEN GODFREY IS MURDERED
63
what did Charles issue in response to Popish plot
1678 anti catholic proclamations
64
Fall of Danby
1678 French ambassador publicised letters which suggested secret intrigues between Danby and the French Court, so there was a vote to impeach him Charles was worried at a trial, more would comeout about secret treaty of dover so dissolved the cavalier parliament for the first time
65
When were elections first held for new parliament?
Feb 1679, resulted in the first exclusion parliament which was dominated by Whigs Ran from March-July 1679
66
Dates of first exclusion parliament/what happened
March-July 1679 impeachment proceedings against Danby start the first Exclusion Bill is read twice in the commons Dissolved in Juluy to prevet the exclusion bill from going through
67
what was an exclusion bill
sought to exclude James Duke of York from suceeding Charles as King
68
Second exclusion parliament
Oct 1680-Jan 1681 Oct, another exclusion bill passed in the commons Nov, the exclusion bill is defated in the Lords AS CHARLES IS SITTING IN Dissolved in Jan 1681
69
what did Charles have to promise, April 1680
30th April, had to promisethat there would be limitations on a Catholic monarch NO church patronage, parliament to have power over appointment of civil, legal and military officers
70
how many exclusion pamphlets were produced from 1679-81
200 able to be made because the licensing act expired in 1679 all attacked James personally
71
when was there attempts to prosecute James as a recusant
June 1680 Charles had the jury dissolved before it could make a judgement
72
why was the second exclusion parliament dissolved
dissolved Jan 1681 after the commons offered Charles £600,000 for Exclusion and a refusal to grant any money until exclusion was sorted
73
Third exclusion parliament
March 1681, met at Oxford, a loyalist area took advantage of the moderates reaction against the radicals in parliament C2 offered that William and Mary be regents for James, rejected COMMONS AND LORDS PASS AN EXCLUSION BILL Charles dissolves
74
why was charles able to dissolve the third exclusion parliament and not call another
he had achieved financial independence * he secured finance from abroad, with a secret treaty with Louis XIV, in which he managed to secure £40,000 immediately and £115,000 annually for three years, in return for not calling a parliament for 3 years * dissolved on 28th March
75
Secret Treaty with Louis XIV 1681
march 1681 * managed to secure £40,000 immediately * £115,000 annually for 3 years * promised not to call another parliament for 3 years in return
76
when was the start of stuart revenge/tory reaction
1681, with the execution of Whig supporters, Edward Fitzharris and Stephen college and aquitting of Shaftesbury
77
When did purges expelling Whigs from county and municipal gov
1681, continue for 3-4 years STUART REVENGE
78
quote on the exclusion crisis
'41 is come again'
79
Difference between Whigs and Tories
The Whigs placed their anti-catholicism before their allegiance to the crown and the Tories did the opposite
80
big reason why exlusion didn't lead to civil war
'peace' in scotland and ireland
81
hiw many more Mp's did the whigs have than the Tories in all 3 exclusion parliaments
at least 100 more
82
stuart revenge
1681-5 * reassertion of royal power * Charles and Tories purged local officers/JP's who were Whigs * These Whigs were imprisoned and the executed
83
what gave Charles a reason to persecute Whigs
Rye House Plot 1683 actual Whig plot againts the King, to kill him and replace him with the Duke of Monmouth Failed because Charles left a day early Lord Russel and Algernon Sidney were executed for their alleged role in the plot
84
What year was there no parliament despite the Triennial Act of 1664
1684
85
When was james restored to the Privy council
1684
86
When did Charles II die
1685
87
what was Charles II's reign
a series of crises * 1660-2, 'honeymoon' * 1667-8, first crisis, Clarendon = victim * 1673-4, fall of cabal, test act and treaty of dover secret clause revealed * 1678-8, popish plot and exclusion, dnby victim * ends with a period of Stuart revenge/tory reaction
88
between charles II and glorious rev in 1688 how many parliaments elected and how long did they meet for?
6 parliaments elected met for 22 sessions sessions lasted less than 10 weeks
89
political embarassments Charles II
* defeat of major attempt to introduce religious toleration 1672-3 * stop of the exchequer 1672 * political brawls in parliament as a result of the Cabal members blaming each other for failure 1674-5

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