Protectorates Flashcards
(39 cards)
When was Oliver Cromwell installed as Lord Protectorate?
Dec 1653
Starts First Protectorate, he moved into Whitehall Palace
How strong was the army in 1654?
54,000
Years of war with Spain
1654-60
What treaty ended the Anglo Dutch war and when?
5th April 1654
Treaty of Westminster
Cromwell wanted to end a war between 2 protestant nations.
When were the Triers and Ejectors established?
28th Aug 1654
What were the Triers?
They assessed and approved new ministers and those appointed to church livings.
In essence, they vetted Church ministers.
What were the Ejectors?
They were tasked with removing “scandalous, ignorant, or insufficient” ministers.
In essence, they removed ministers which were deemed unsuitable.
Dates of the first protectorate parliament?
3rd Sep 1654-22nd Jan 1655
Was the first protectorate parliament a succss or a failure?
COMPLETE FLOP!
Parliament wouldn’t pass any protectorate ordinances
OC had made 83 and they passed none of them OR pass their own.
Evidence of OC as not as much as a parliamentary hero as sometimes presented.
Haselrig and Bradshaw attacked OC’s right to be Lord Protector.
What were the four fundamentals?
Foundational principles for the new government.
They included: 1) Government by a single person (the Lord Protector) and Parliament, 2) Regular summoning of Parliament with limitations on its power to perpetuate itself, 3) Liberty of conscience (religious freedom), and 4) Division of power over the armed forces between the Lord Protector and Parliament.
How many MP’s did not sign off on the four fundamentals?
100
They got kicked out of parliament
So 60 went and protested
What/when Cony Case?
Nov-Dec 1654
Cony, a London merchant, was fined and imprsoned for refusing to pay customs duties as they had not been approved by parliament AND his lawyers got locked up to suppress case
Basically he argued that these customs duties were not a requirement because parliament hadn’t passed them.
Argument for OC as a military dictator, ‘sitting on bayonets’, using force to suppress dissent and evidence of authroitarian tendencies
OC has the army behind him WHICH CONTRASTS RICHARD CROMWELL IN 1659
what/when Biddle case
Dec 1654
Biddle was imprisoned and punished
He was seen as a dangerous religious radical
Oc disagreed with his treatment, and even helped him later
Cromwell was unhappy with the harshness of parliament, which was part of the reason for a new one in 1657 with humble petition.
LINK TO NAYLOR CASE IN 1656
What/when, penruddock’s rising
12-16th March 1655
Royalist uprising in Wiltshire
REASON FOR MAJOR GENERAL RULE
what/when failure of Western design
April-May 1655
Unsuccessful attempt to capture Hispaniola,
Cromwell takes to his bed to ask God what went wrong - providence
Concludes that Godly reform had not gone far enough and is what leads to introduction of Major Generals
2 events which led to the start of the major generals
Penruddock’s rising and failure of Western Design
When was the rule of the major generals established in England and Wales?
9th Aug 1655
Is seen as a key part of the protectorate BUT was only an experiment which effectively failed
It ended only 2 years after implemented, only in action for a year
What was the rule of the major generals?
Extreme military wing
Split England and Wales into 11 districts all governed by a major general
Each major general was meant to continue Gidly reformation and improve the efficacy of local government.
Their job was to ‘promote virtue and extriptate vice’
MORE PROOF OF CROMWELL’S REIGN AS ‘SITTING ON BAYONETS’
When was decimation tax on former royalists established?
21 Sep 1655
CONTRADICTS CROMWELL’S AIM OF HEALING AND SETTLING
Dates of the first session of the second protectorate parliament?
17th Sep - 26th June 1657
Initiated because of war with Spain AND because major generals vouched for it
BACKFIRES ON MAJOR GENERALS HUGELY AND DECIMATION TAX
Evidence of Oliver Cromwell’s terrible relations with parliament in 1656
Council of state excluded 100 MP’s called ‘commonswealthmen’,
They wanted restoration of the Rump,
This included Halselrig and Scot
What/when Naylor Case
Oct 1656
Naylor was a Quaker who reenacted Christ’s entry to Jeruselum
Got treated extremely badly, branded andhole through tongue, narrowly avoids execution
OC disagrees with this treatment and helps Naylor later
this persuades OC to abandon the instrument
Link to Biddle case
Outcome and dates of Naylor Case
5th-17th Dec 1656
Ends with him being branded and a hole through his tongue, savage mutilation
When did Oliver Cromwell let Jews in England
Dec 1656
First time in 350 years, Liberty of conscience
