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Microbiology Exam 1 > Chemical Princples Part 1 > Flashcards

Chemical Princples Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ( extra ATP )

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2
Q

What is a carbohydrate

A

Sugars & starches

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3
Q

What is the function of a carbohydrate

A

Supply the cell with energy

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4
Q

What are simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

What are monosaccharides made up of?

A

Single sugar molecules, 3-7 carbon

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6
Q

What are 3 examples of simple sugars

A

Ribose, glucose, fructose

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7
Q

Why they ( ribose, glucose, fructose ) simple sugars?

A

Because they break down quickly after you eat & provides energy

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8
Q

What’s another name for simple sugar?

A

Simple carbohydrate

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9
Q

What are complex carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides made up of

A

Long chain of sugar molecules, 8 or more monosaccharides together

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11
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen ( animal energy ), cellulose ( cell wall in plants ), starch

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12
Q

What is disaccharides

A

When 2 monosaccharides join together by a dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

When two molecules join and release water

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14
Q

Why is dehydration synthesis important

A

To create bigger molecules ( example ; glucose + fructose = sucrose )

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Using water to break down bigger molecules

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16
Q

Why is hydrolysis important

A

To make smaller molecules

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17
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Energy storage

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18
Q

What are examples of simple lipids

A

Fats & triglycerides

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19
Q

What does a simple lipid have

A

Fatty acid with various alcohols ( glycerol )

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20
Q

What makes up a fatty acid, chains of what ?

A

Long chain of hydrocarbons

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21
Q

What is the linkage between glycerol & fatty acid

A

Ester bond

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22
Q

What is saturated fatty acid

A

Maximum hydrogen atoms to carbon ( example ; animal fat )

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23
Q

What is unsaturated fatty acid

A

Not maximum hydrogen atoms, so it has double bonds ( examples vegetable oil )

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24
Q

What is complex lipid

A

Ester of fatty acids containing group in addition to alcohol & fatty acid

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25
Q

What is the most common complex lipid

A

Phospholipid

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26
Q

What is the main lipid found in cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

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27
Q

What do phospholipids make up

A

The lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane

28
Q

What is the hydrophobic region of a phospholipid

A

Fatty acid tails, hate water, non polar

29
Q

What is the hydrophilic region of a phospholipid

A

Glycerol & phosphate, loves water and polar heads

30
Q

What are steroids

A

Complex lipids with fused rings

31
Q

What are examples of steroids

A

Cholesterol and vitamin D

32
Q

Where are steroids mainly found in

A

Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells

33
Q

What is the only bacteria with steroids in their plasma membrane

A

Mycoplasma ( only found in their plasma membrane )

34
Q

What are proteins

A

One or more long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

35
Q

What do proteins make up in a cell

A

50% of the cells weight

36
Q

What are the functions of a protein (5)

A

Enzymes, transport, hormones, structural molecules and antibodies

37
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

Carboxyl group of one amino acids to another amino acid group

38
Q

What does peptide bonds undergo to be what they are

A

Dehydration synthesis

39
Q

Protein structure ; primary structure

A

Polypeptide strand ( amino acid sequence )

40
Q

Protein structure ; secondary structure

A

Helix ( beta ) & alpha pleated sheets ( with 3 polypeptide strands )

41
Q

Protein structure ; tertiary structure

A

Helix & pleated sheets fold into a 3D shape

42
Q

Protein structure ; Quaternary structure

A

The relationship of several folded polypeptides chains, form a protein

43
Q

What is protein denaturation?

A

The breakdown of secondary-quaternary structure

44
Q

When does/ how does protein denaturation happen?

A

Exposure to excessive heat, acid and alcohol

45
Q

What does protein denaturation do?

A

Destiny function of a protein

46
Q

What is the function nucleic acids perform

A

Storage & expression of genetic information

47
Q

What do nucleic acid include ?

A

Dna & RNA

48
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

Polymers of nucleotides, joined together by phosphodiester bond

49
Q

What is the function of phosphodiester bond ?

A

Stabilize the structure of dna and rna

50
Q

What are nucleotides ?

A

Basic structural unit of dna and rna

51
Q

What are nitrogen cyclic bases ?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

52
Q

What are the Pentose sugar in dna

A

Deoxyribose

53
Q

What is the pentose sugar in rna

A

Ribose

54
Q

What is Pentose sugar

A

Monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms

55
Q

What is dna

A

Double stranded, super helical, genetic information

56
Q

What does dna contain

A

A, T, C, G

57
Q

How does dna pair?

A

A with T, C with G

58
Q

What is RNA

A

Single stranded molecule

59
Q

What does rna contain

A

a, u, g, c

60
Q

How does rna pair?

A

A with U, G with C

61
Q

What kinds of rna are there

A

3, m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA

62
Q

What is ATP

A

Primary energy source of the cell

63
Q

Where is the energy in atp?

A

High phosphate bonds

64
Q

What does atp contain?

A

Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate

65
Q

How does ATP go into ADP + Pi

A

ATP has 3, break down info 2, so now ADP (2) and Pi (1 inorganic molecule )

66
Q

Why does ATP breakdown

A

In case the cell needs to spend more energy on a task

Microbiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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