Chemical Princples Part 1

Question 1

What are the 4 major macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ( extra ATP )

Question 2

What is a carbohydrate

Answer 2

Sugars & starches

Question 3

What is the function of a carbohydrate

Answer 3

Supply the cell with energy

Question 4

What are simple sugars

Answer 4

Monosaccharides

Question 5

What are monosaccharides made up of?

Answer 5

Single sugar molecules, 3-7 carbon

Question 6

What are 3 examples of simple sugars

Answer 6

Ribose, glucose, fructose

Question 7

Why they ( ribose, glucose, fructose ) simple sugars?

Answer 7

Because they break down quickly after you eat & provides energy

Question 8

What’s another name for simple sugar?

Answer 8

Simple carbohydrate

Question 9

What are complex carbohydrate

Answer 9

Polysaccharides

Question 10

What are polysaccharides made up of

Answer 10

Long chain of sugar molecules, 8 or more monosaccharides together

Question 11

What are examples of polysaccharides

Answer 11

Glycogen ( animal energy ), cellulose ( cell wall in plants ), starch

Question 12

What is disaccharides

Answer 12

When 2 monosaccharides join together by a dehydration synthesis

Question 13

What is dehydration synthesis

Answer 13

When two molecules join and release water

Question 14

Why is dehydration synthesis important

Answer 14

To create bigger molecules ( example ; glucose + fructose = sucrose )

Question 15

What is hydrolysis

Answer 15

Using water to break down bigger molecules

Question 16

Why is hydrolysis important

Answer 16

To make smaller molecules

Question 17

What is the function of lipids?

Answer 17

Energy storage

Question 18

What are examples of simple lipids

Answer 18

Fats & triglycerides

Question 19

What does a simple lipid have

Answer 19

Fatty acid with various alcohols ( glycerol )

Question 20

What makes up a fatty acid, chains of what ?

Answer 20

Long chain of hydrocarbons

Question 21

What is the linkage between glycerol & fatty acid

Answer 21

Ester bond

Question 22

What is saturated fatty acid

Answer 22

Maximum hydrogen atoms to carbon ( example ; animal fat )

Question 23

What is unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 23

Not maximum hydrogen atoms, so it has double bonds ( examples vegetable oil )

Question 24

What is complex lipid

Answer 24

Ester of fatty acids containing group in addition to alcohol & fatty acid

Question 25

What is the most common complex lipid

Answer 25

Phospholipid

Question 26

What is the main lipid found in cell membranes

Answer 26

Phospholipids

Question 27

What do phospholipids make up

Answer 27

The lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 28

What is the hydrophobic region of a phospholipid

Answer 28

Fatty acid tails, hate water, non polar

Question 29

What is the hydrophilic region of a phospholipid

Answer 29

Glycerol & phosphate, loves water and polar heads

Question 30

What are steroids

Answer 30

Complex lipids with fused rings

Question 31

What are examples of steroids

Answer 31

Cholesterol and vitamin D

Question 32

Where are steroids mainly found in

Answer 32

Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells

Question 33

What is the only bacteria with steroids in their plasma membrane

Answer 33

Mycoplasma ( only found in their plasma membrane )

Question 34

What are proteins

Answer 34

One or more long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Question 35

What do proteins make up in a cell

Answer 35

50% of the cells weight

Question 36

What are the functions of a protein (5)

Answer 36

Enzymes, transport, hormones, structural molecules and antibodies

Question 37

What is a peptide bond

Answer 37

Carboxyl group of one amino acids to another amino acid group

Question 38

What does peptide bonds undergo to be what they are

Answer 38

Dehydration synthesis

Question 39

Protein structure ; primary structure

Answer 39

Polypeptide strand ( amino acid sequence )

Question 40

Protein structure ; secondary structure

Answer 40

Helix ( beta ) & alpha pleated sheets ( with 3 polypeptide strands )

Question 41

Protein structure ; tertiary structure

Answer 41

Helix & pleated sheets fold into a 3D shape

Question 42

Protein structure ; Quaternary structure

Answer 42

The relationship of several folded polypeptides chains, form a protein

Question 43

What is protein denaturation?

Answer 43

The breakdown of secondary-quaternary structure

Question 44

When does/ how does protein denaturation happen?

Answer 44

Exposure to excessive heat, acid and alcohol

Question 45

What does protein denaturation do?

Answer 45

Destiny function of a protein

Question 46

What is the function nucleic acids perform

Answer 46

Storage & expression of genetic information

Question 47

What do nucleic acid include ?

Answer 47

Dna & RNA

Question 48

What are nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 48

Polymers of nucleotides, joined together by phosphodiester bond

Question 49

What is the function of phosphodiester bond ?

Answer 49

Stabilize the structure of dna and rna

Question 50

What are nucleotides ?

Answer 50

Basic structural unit of dna and rna

Question 51

What are nitrogen cyclic bases ?

Answer 51

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

Question 52

What are the Pentose sugar in dna

Answer 52

Deoxyribose

Question 53

What is the pentose sugar in rna

Answer 53

Ribose

Question 54

What is Pentose sugar

Answer 54

Monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms

Question 55

What is dna

Answer 55

Double stranded, super helical, genetic information

Question 56

What does dna contain

Answer 56

A, T, C, G

Question 57

How does dna pair?

Answer 57

A with T, C with G

Question 58

What is RNA

Answer 58

Single stranded molecule

Question 59

What does rna contain

Answer 59

a, u, g, c

Question 60

How does rna pair?

Answer 60

A with U, G with C

Question 61

What kinds of rna are there

Answer 61

3, m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA

Question 62

What is ATP

Answer 62

Primary energy source of the cell

Question 63

Where is the energy in atp?

Answer 63

High phosphate bonds

Question 64

What does atp contain?

Answer 64

Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate

Question 65

How does ATP go into ADP + Pi

Answer 65

ATP has 3, break down info 2, so now ADP (2) and Pi (1 inorganic molecule )

Question 66

Why does ATP breakdown

Answer 66

In case the cell needs to spend more energy on a task