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Microbiology Exam 1 > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What is Catabolism(2)

A

Reactions that release energy/heat by oxidation of molecules
- coupled to ATP synthesis

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2
Q

What does catabolism break down?

A

Larger molecules into smaller molecules

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3
Q

What does catabolism use to break down chemical bonds?

A

H2O, hydrolytic

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4
Q

What is anabolism (2)

A

Reactions that require energy
Coupled to ATP breakdown

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5
Q

What does anabolism build?

A

Building of polymers
Small molecules + energy = large molecules

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6
Q

How does anabolism build their polymers

A

Using dehydration synthesis
Taking away H2O to join bonds

Small molecules + energy = large molecules

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7
Q

How do you get metabolism?

A

Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism

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8
Q

What are enzymes (3)

A

Catalysts, specific, 3-D shape is unique

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9
Q

What are catalysts in enzymes

A

They increase the rate of reaction of a chemical bond by decreasing the amount of energy required ( activation energy )

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10
Q

What is activation energy

A

The amount of collision energy required to start a reaction

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11
Q

Summary, what’s the main function of catalysts in enzymes? (2)

A
  • increase the rate of chemical reaction
  • by decreasing the amount of energy it needs to make a reaction
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12
Q

What is specific for enzymes?

A

Each enzymes acts on a specific substrate

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13
Q

Are each substrate specific for enzymes?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is 3-D shape for enzymes

A

They are unique shapes for enzymes

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15
Q

How does catabolism release its energy ?

A

By oxidation of molecules

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16
Q

How anabolism use its energy?

A

To synthesis macromolecules that make up the cell ( building up )

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17
Q

Anabolism is what?
Energy stores in molecules of ATP
Or
Energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP

A

Energy stores in molecules of ATP

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18
Q

Catabolism is what?

Energy stores in molecules of ATP
Or
Energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP

A

Energy is released by hydrolysis of atp
- breaking down

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19
Q

How are enzymes effected during a chemical reaction? (3)

A

temp
Ph
Substrate consentrations

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20
Q

What do you have more of when you have a lot of electrons?

A

ATP

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21
Q

What does large polymers do?

A

They store houses of energy

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22
Q

What does energy rich carbohydrates contain ?

A

A lot of hydrogen atoms

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23
Q

How do you form polymers from monomers?

A

Using energy to make new bonds

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24
Q

The most important pathway chain for electrons (atp) is what?

A

Electron transport chain

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25
What are the most important electron Carriers? (2)
NAD+ FADH2
26
The most compound important and easiest to breakdown to give us energy is what?
Carbohydrates
27
What is the chemical formula of glucose ?
C6 H12 O6
28
How do we extract/transfer electrons for energy?
By oxidation-reduction
29
What does Oxidation mean?
Loss/removal of electrons
30
What happens to the electron donor?
Oxidized
31
Does oxidized reaction produce energy?
Yes
32
What is reduction ?
Gain of an electron
33
What happenes to the electrical acceptor?
Becomes reduced
34
Do reduction acceptors gain an energy?
Yes
35
What makes oxidation reduction reactions so important?
It’s important because you need to be coupled and work together to make energy
36
Does oxidation reduction need to be coupled?
YES
37
Why can’t electrons just float around
Because their needs to be a donor and a receiver
38
NAD+ is acceptor or Donor?
Is an electron acceptor
39
What happens to NAD+ when it gets reduced ( gains an electron )
Turns into NADH
40
If you see NAD+ what would you normally assume?
That this is an oxidation reduction
41
The more NADH what is there more of now
THE MORE ATP
42
What are the 3 major ways that ATP is produced ?
Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation
43
What’s the simplest way to make ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation
44
What is substrate level phosphorylation ? (SLP)
A large compound that can give up its phosphate to ADP, to make ATP Substrate~P + ADP = Substrate ATP
45
What is Oxidative phosphorylation
Breaking large compounds into smaller ones to make ATP
46
What are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation ? (5)
- breaking down big molecules into smaller ones - extracting their electrons - carried by NAD* or NADP+ - then gives away to the electron transport chain - then we create ATP
47
What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen
48
Where is electron transport chain found in prokaryotes
Plasma membrane
49
Where is the electron transport chain found in eukaryotes
Mitochondrial inner membrane
50
What is photosphorylation?
ATP from sunlight ( aka photosynthesis )
51
What are the 3 carbohydrate catabolism?
1. Aerobic respiration 2. Fermentation 3. Anaerobic respiration
52
What is carbohydrate catabolism?
The breakdown of glucose
53
What is aerobic respiration ?
Requires oxygen Oxidation of glucose
54
What is the final aerobic respiration acceptor ?
Oxygen
55
What are the 4 steps of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis Prep step Krebs cycle Electron transport chain
56
What is anaerobic conditions
No oxygen Absence of oxygen
57
What is anaerobic respiration
Oxidation of glucose Final electron acceptor of inorganic molecule
58
What is the fermentation
Oxidation of glucose Final electron acceptor organic molecule
59
What’s the final acceptor of fermentation
Organic molecule
60
What’s the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration
In organic molecule
61
What is oxidication of glucose
Losing electrons of glucose
62
What’s the most effective way to get the most ATP in the carbohydrate catabolism?
Aerobic respiration
63
What is glycolysis ?
Oxidization of glucose
64
Do all three ways of carbohydrate catabolism have to go through glycosis
Yes
65
What are the steps of glycolysis? (Main 4)
- splitting of glucose - prep step - total net before kreb - kreb step - final total after kreb
66
What is prep step?
Oxidizing the 2 pyurbic acid
67
What do we get after glycosis ?
2 pvruci acid
68
Why can’t pyrrhic acid enter kreb step?
It needs to lose electron Then pick up NAD+ Turns into NADH Then turns into 2 acelytco
69
What can enter krebs ?
2 Acetylco A
70
What’s important of krebs
Generations the most electron Carriers
71
The more electron Carriers we have the more?
Atp
72
Kreb cycle goes in what ?
Circular motion
73
What is the electron transport chain?
The largest ATP generator
74
Where is the electron transport chain in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?
Prokaryotes - plasma membrane Eukaryotes - mitochondrial Inner membrane
75
What is the job of the electron transport chain?
Just passing electrons to another electron Carriers to make ATP
76
How does oxidative phosphorylation get energy ?
Through a lot of oxidation reducation reactions
77
Since oxidative phosphate needs that oxidation reduction, what is going to happen at the end of it ?
ATP synthesis
78
What is chemoiosmosis ?
The movement of hydrogen atoms back into the electron transport cycle - driving the ATP synthesis
79
For every NADH that goes through electron transport chain, how much ATP do we generate
3 ATP
80
For every FADH2 that loses it electrons in the electron transport chain, how many ATP do we make
2 ATP
81
For every NADH how many ATP do we get in the electron transport chain
30 - 10 since that was the total we made in the aerobic respiration 3 in the chain 10x3= 30 Since every one glucose is 10 and comes out 3 times 30
82
In the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH how many ATP do we get
34 NADH glycosis 10 Electron transport chain 3 10x3 = 30 FADH glycosis 2 Electron transport chain 2 2+2= 4 30+4= 34
83
What is an inorganic compound
Nitrate, Sulfate, hydrogen salfte
84
Anaerobic makes less atp than aerobic ?
Yes, less than 38
85
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP What’s the formula And what is it doing & meaning
It’s aerobic respiration And it’s doing catabolism Catabolism breaks down bigger molecules and makes it smaller
86
What is Fermentation ?
No oxygen Organic molecule
87
Does fermentation pass through kreb cycle ?
No
88
Where does fermentation stop?
Glycosis
89
Examples of fermentation ?
Yorgut Cheese
90
What is homolactic acid fermentation produce
Lactic acid 2 ATP
91
What does heterolactic acid produce?
Lactic acid Acetic acid CO2 2 ATP
92
What does alcohol fermination procure ?
Ethanol and 2 ATP
93
What is lipid catabolism?
Fatty acids released by lipids
94
Does lipid catabolism enter the kreb cycle ?
Yes
95
What is protein catabolism?
Proteins breakdown into amino acids
96
What are energy sources ?
Light & redox
97
What are the energy sources ( light & redox ) proper names?
Light = phototroph Redox = chemotroph
98
What are carbon sources ?
CO2 & Orangic C
99
What are the real names of carbon sources ( CO2 & organic C )
CO2 = autotroph Organic C = heterotroph
100
What are energy carbon sources called?
Chemoheterotrophs
101
What are Chemoheterotroph
energy and carbon sources are organic compounds

Microbiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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