Chemistry Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
In what type of exothermic reaction heat and/or light are released?
A
Combustion
2
Q
Which German chemist is the namesake of a type of burner used in laboratories to produce an open flame?
A
Robert Bunsen (Bunsen burner)
3
Q
What are a group of chemical elements characterized by their low reactivity, an example of which is Xenon?
A
Noble gases
4
Q
Diatomic compound consisting of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom.
A
Carbon monoxide (CO)
5
Q
The filaments of incandescent light bulbs are composed of what metallic element with the symbol W?
A
Tungsten
6
Q
Who developed a classification for acids and bases?
A
Gilbert N Lewis
7
Q
Process in which solid particles of liquid are separated
A
Filtration
8
Q
These are cancer causing agents that include arsenic, a metalloid with the symbol As
A
Carcinogens
9
Q
Process of a solid substance turning into a gas
A
Sublimation
10
Q
A historical pseudoscience with the goal of transforming base metals into silver or gold.
A
Alchemy
11
Q
The fifth most abundant element in the universe that is used in fluorescent lamps and signs.
A
Neon
12
Q
First time element of the periodic table which is also the most abundant element in the universe.
A
Hydrogen
13
Q
A method of heat treatment that is used to destroy microorganisms on food products, named for the French chemist Louis Pasteur who developed it. This process extends the shelf life of dairy products.
A
Pasteurization
14
Q
Substances such as water and honey that possess a definite volume but not a fixed shape
A
Liquids
15
Q
A metric used to measure the acidity or basicity of a substance, ranging from 0 to 14. Values close to zero are more acidic and values close to 14 are more basic. It is based on its hydrogen ion concentration.
A
PH
16
Q
A subdiscipline concerned with compounds containing carbon, an element with atomic number 6. Carbon and organic compounds form the basis of all known life.
A
Organic chemistry
17
Q
A metal that is the most electrically conductive element, and has the chemical symbol Ag.
A
Silver
18
Q
A yellow-green gaseous halogen that is used to chemically treat swimming pools
A
Chlorine
19
Q
A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements first developed by Dimitri Mendeleev
A
Periodic table
20
Q
A metallic element whose main ore is cassiterite and forms the alloy bronze along with copper, its atomic symbol is Sn.
A
Tin
21
Q
The most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere is which element. It makes up approximately 78% of the air.
A
Nitrogen
22
Q
A silvery-white metal whose resistance to corrosion is why it is used in stainless steel.
A
Nickel
23
Q
What is the process goal to transform base metals, such as copper or lead, into silver or gold called?
A
Alchemy
24
Q
A covalent molecule consisting of Oxygen and Carbon
A
Carbon dioxide
25
Is a colorless gas and the simplest amine.
Ammonia , or NH3,
26
The process of water vapor in the atmosphere condensing and falling to Earth as a liquid or solid
Precipitation
27
A process in which liquids are separated by boiling.
Distillation
28
The first element of the periodic table, which is also the most abundant element in the universe.
hydrogen
29
Is the measure of hotness or coldness of an object or environment, measured in degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
Temperature
30
Is a halogen and mineral that is added to salt which, when consumed, aids the thyroid gland in producing a hormone important for cell function.
Iodine
31
Is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. Perfume, rubbing alcohol, and salt water are all examples of this.
Solution
32
These are highly reactive nonmetals that occupy group 17 of the periodic table . Fluorine, chlorine, and iodine are
some examples of this group.
Halogens
33
A unit of measurement of the amount of a substance, equals 6.02214076x10^23 particles.
Mole
34
The most abundant element in earth's atmosphere at 78%
Nitrogen
35
The second most abundant element in earth's atmosphere at 21%. It's a nonmetallic element with the atomic number 8. Humans and animals breathe in this element and release carbon
dioxide.
Oxygen
36
Five-cent coin is called the nickel , but the coin is only made out of 25% nickel, with the rest consisting of what substance.
copper
37
A precious metal used to make jewelry and catalytic converters. Its atomic symbol is Pt and is superficially similar
to silver.
Platinum
38
A metallic, chemical element, silvery white heavy metal whose atomic number is 92. Its isotope is used to fuel nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons since it can be split in nuclear fission.
Uranium
39
Technique used to fuse metals together using high heat. It has many applications in industrial construction, such
as bridge-building, military technology, and steel-working.
Welding
40
An alkaline Earth metal and an essential mineral needed by the body to maintain strong bones and teeth
Calcium
41
A greenhouse gas that is a natural waste product of human and animal exhalation
Carbon dioxide
42
A molecule that is formed naturally in the stratosphere through the interaction of ultraviolet sunlight and molecular oxygen
Ozone
43
An air pollutant that is formed by volatile organic compounds and nitrogen
oxides
Ground-level ozone
44
The lightest solid and metal on the periodic table.
Lithium
45
the physical combination of two or more pure substances. Air and seawater are some examples
Mixture
46
Negatively-charged subatomic particles that are found in the outer shells of the atom.
Electrons
47
The two major elements that make up the atmosphere
nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
48
An alloy formed by copper and zinc, which has high malleability.
Brass
49
The only person to have won the Nobel Prize in both physics and chemistry.
Marie Curie
50
The rotary form of this process is used to purify substances. This process explains
why sweating cools the body, and salt deposits are created when it occurs in saline water. When this process occurs at low pressures or high temperatures, it is called boiling. For the point, name this process in which a liquid turns into a gas.
Evaporation
51
The time it takes for fifty percent of a radioactive isotope to decay
Half-life
52
An odorless greenhouse gas, is the simplest alkane with chemical formula CH4.
Methane
53
The chemical formula for this element is Zn, forms over 95% of the mass of a US penny coin. Copper provides the rest.
Zinc
54
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used or changed in the reaction.
Catalyst
55
The net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Diffusion
56
An alkali metal with the symbol K. Fruits and vegetables that are rich sources of this metal include bananas, carrots, and potatoes.
Potassium
57
French nobleman who discovered the role oxygen plays in combustion.
Antoine Lavoisier
58
A positively charged ion.
Cation
59
This element one-third the density of steel and has the atomic number 27.
Aluminum
60
The chemical process of removing natural colors from a product.
Bleaching
61
The process by which metals deteriorate into an oxidized state, as seen in rust.
Corrosion
62
An alkali metal with the atomic number of 11. The chemical formula for salt is NaCl, meaning this metal forms Salt in a 1:1 ratio with chloride ions.
Sodium
63
The lowest possible temperature where atoms of a substance are motionless. It is measured at 0 degrees Kelvin, or -273.15 degrees Celsius or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.
Absolute zero
64
The dots of a this structure represent the valence electrons of a molecule.
Lewis structure
65
What metabolic process uses enzymes to change a substance, like using brine to turn cucumbers into pickles?
Fermentation
66
What common mineral, a 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, is widely used to make crystal objects?
Quartz
67
What lightest element is found alongside oxygen in water?
Hyrdogen
68
What highly malleable metal is measured on a purity scale that ranges up to 24 karats?
Gold
69
Which element's 235 isotope was used during the Manhattan Project to produce a nuclear fission reaction?
Uranium
70
What is the chemical formula for water?
H2O
71
Which element has atomic number 2 and is thus the second lightest element by atomic mass?
Helium
72
Different forms of the same element which differ in their number of neutrons are called what?
Isotopes
73
At standard temperature and pressure, in what state of matter does platinum occur?
Solid
74
At standard temperature and pressure, in what state of matter does bromine occur?
Liquid
75
AFFF and CAFS are compounds used for this task that are usually manifested as foam. Portable devices used for this task most commonly contain compressed CO2 and dry ABC powder. Extinguishers and water are used in, for the point, what task commonly performed by first responders using a hose?
Fire Fighting
76
A specific class of these compounds is named for Gilbert Lewis. The Bronsted-Lowry definition of these compounds involves the donation of hydrogen ions in solution. The acetic form of these compounds is found in vinegar. For the point, name these compounds which
exhibit a pH below 7, contrasted with bases.
Acids
77
The Bessemer process removes impurities from this element's "Pig" form. With cobalt
and nickel, this element is naturally ferromagnetic, and this element oxidizes to form a red compound called rust. For the point, name this transition metal with symbol Fe [[F-E]] that alloys with carbon to make steel.
Iron
78
Use of this material must be halved by 2030 to meet the criteria of the Paris
Agreement. Satellites like Sentinel-5P monitor this material's sulfur dioxide output, and varieties of this material include lignite and anthracite. For the point, name this fuel source
composed mostly of solid carbon.
Coal
79
Primary examples of these compounds are oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic
acids, while secondary types are oxidized to ketones. These compounds are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group. Methanol and ethanol are the simplest members of, for the
point, what class of compounds found in beer and liquor.
Alcohol
80
One form of this element is named after Buckminster Fuller, while another form of
this element ranks at the top of the Mohs hardness scale. Graphite is a form of this element, which together with oxygen and hydrogen forms molecules of glucose. For the point, name this element, the fundamental basis of organic molecules and life.
Carbon
81
The earliest estimate of this quantity depended on indirect estimates of the number of particles of latex. Jean Perrin defined this constant, denoted capital N, as the number of atoms in 16 grams of oxygen. For the point, name this constant, approximately 6 times 10 to the 23rd power, that equals the number of particles in a mole.
Avogadro's Constant
82
When cooled to the lambda point, this element forms a superfluid Rollin film that
appears to creep out of its container. Alpha particles are the nuclei of this element, which is the second-most abundant in the universe. Two hydrogen atoms combine to form, for the point, what lightest noble gas that makes balloons float?
Helium
83
The newly discovered element Oganesson is considered to be part of this group. This
group’s members are characterized by a full complement of valence electrons in their outer shell, leading to their lower likelihood of taking part in a chemical reaction. For the point, name this group of elements that contains helium, neon and argon.
Noble Gases
84
This compound can be artificially synthesized using dimethylurea and malonic acid. With theophylline, this compound is often used as a treatment for sleep apnea, and this stimulant is an alkaloid and adenosine antagonist commonly used to prevent drowsiness. For the point, name this stimulant found in tea and coffee.
Caffeine
85
This task commonly uses clay in the K-AR technique. Another technique for this task
uses zircon to calculate a uranium-thorium-lead decay chain, and another method for this task uses the 12 and 14 isotopes of carbon. For the point, name this process that uses radioactive decay to find the age of an object.
Dating
86
This word describes a type of crystalline substance that exists in either smectic or
nematic phases while in its thermotropic variety. The HPLC-type of chromatography uses a highly pressurized solvent in this state, which is also bypassed by substances that undergo deposition and sublimation. At negative 196 degrees Celsius, nitrogen exists in this state.
For the point, name this state of matter formed when substances melt.
Liquid
87
Replacing one atom in this compound with deuterium gives its "heavy" form.
Microwave ovens primarily work by heating this compound in food due to its large dipole moment. The presence of a lone pair on this compound's oxygen atom gives it a bent geometry. This polar compound is known as the "universal solvent." For the point, name this compound composed of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
Water
88
When these elements have their electron configuration written out, they are
denoted with their name in brackets. These elements tend to have relatively small atomic radii due to having high effective nuclear charges. These elements are mostly non-reactive due to possessing full valence shells of electrons. For the point, name this group of elements
including neon and helium which is located at the rightmost portion of the periodic table.
Noble gases
89
When this element is present, a three-to-one ratio is displayed in mass
spectrometry. Aqua regia includes nitric acid and an acid with this anion.
Stomach acid contains the acid of this element, two atoms of which are found in mustard gas. The diatomic form of this element is a green gas while another form is used to disinfect swimming pools. For the point, name this halogen with chemical symbol Cl.
Chlorine
90
The finding that this particle's constituents contribute almost no spin has led to its
namesake "spin crisis." Some Grand Unified Theories hypothesize that this particle can decay into a positron and a neutral pion. Cosmic rays consist mostly of these particles, which are made of two up quarks and one down quark. For the point, name this subatomic particle with a positive charge.
Protons
91
This element is extracted from ores by coordination with cyanide. This element
scattered alpha particles in an experiment sometimes named for Geiger and Marsden that discovered the atomic nucleus. This most malleable metal can be dissolved by aqua regia. Iron pyrite resembles this element, leading it to be nicknamed “fool’s [this element].” For
the point, name this precious metal with chemical symbol Au.
Gold
92
When mixed with asphalt, this material can be made into "blacktop." In large
buildings, this material can be reinforced with steel rebar, and unlike mortar, this material is primarily used as a building material itself and not as a binding agent. For the point, name this material composed primarily of rock pieces bound together by cement, which is used to
build roads and sidewalks.
Concrete
93
By chemical mass, this is the heaviest element in the only diprotic strong acid. When bonded to six uorine atoms, this element forms a potent greenhouse gas. Two atoms of this element form a covalent bridge in proteins. This element sits below oxygen on the periodic table. For the point, name this element, associated with brimstone and bad smells, with chemical symbol S.
Sulfur
94
This property's indentation form is measured on the Rockwell scale and the Vickers scale, which presses into a material with a diamond indenter. Apatite has a value of 5 for this property while
Talc has a value of 1. This property is defined as a minerals resistance to scratching. Diamond has the highest natural value of, for the point, what property measured by the Mohs scale?
Hardness
95
An equation described by this law is modified with a and b constants to create the van der Waals equation. This law only applies under the assumptions of kinetic molecular theory. The equation
described by this law can be derived through a combination of Boyles law, Charles law, and Gay-Lussacs law. For the point, name this law which relates the product of pressure and volume of an ideal substance to its temperature.
Ideal gas law
96
According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat minus work equals the change in the internal form of this quantity. One form of this quantity is equal to one-half m v squared where m is
mass and v is velocity. This quantity is typically defined as a measure of the ability to do work and can be divided into kinetic and potential components. For the point, name this quantity whose SI unit is the Joule.
Energy
97
The wurtzite [vurt SITE] form of this elements nitride is harder than diamond. Oxygen, silicon, and this element are the three most common in Pyrex glass. This element commonly only makes three valence bonds, violating the octet rule. This element is the lightest metalloid on the periodic table, found just to the left of carbon. For the point, name this element with atomic number ve and elemental
symbol B.
Boron
98
A reaction for creating soap uses this class of molecules along with esters. Sodium hydride is a super example of this class of molecules. Lewis variants are ones that donate electron pairs. Common examples include the weak one, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide. For the point, name this class of molecules with pH greater than seven which can be neutralized with acids.
Base
99
ECMA can add functional groups to one member of this class of compounds. Wallace Carothers names an equation that describes the degree to which the formation of this class of compounds
occurs. Cross-links can form between chains of this class of compounds which include plastics like Teflon. Nylon is a synthetic member of, for the point, what class of compounds made up of repeating monomers?
Polymers
100
Hennig Brand discovered this element while attempting to turn his urine into gold. Match factory workers developed jaw deformation due to prolonged exposure to this elements white allotrope.
This element names a form of radiation that is not immediately re-emitted, contrasted with fluorescence. For the point, name this element with atomic number 15 and atomic symbol P.
phosphorus
101
This particle cant share the exact same spin state by the Pauli exclusion principle. This particle, discovered by J.J. Thomson, is present in lone pairs in free radicals. Atoms like to have a certain number of this particle by the octet rule. This particle is donated in ionic bonds and shared in covalent bonds. For the point, name this negatively charged particle that circles the nucleus of atoms.
Electrons
102
An isotope of this element is bombarded with neutrons in a method for producing tritium. Salts of this element are frequently used to treat psychiatric disorders. This element is sometimes used
to increase the effciency of smelting aluminum. Ions of this element are frequently used in rechargeable batteries found in phones and laptops. For the point, name this element with atomic number 3 represented by the symbol Li.
Lithium
103
This element, like Nitrogen, can achieve a liquid form at 4.2 Kelvin and is often used for overclocking processors. Alpha particles are identical to nuclei of this element, the second most abundant
in the universe. For the point, name this element, often used for inflating balloons, symbolized He.
Helium
104
Bose-Einstein condensates only exist at points near this condition. The third law of
thermodynamics states that at this value, crystals have no entropy. This condition, the lowest on the Rankine and Kelvin scales, cannot be reached by a physical apparatus. For the point, name this coldest
possible temperature.
Absolute zero (zero Kelvin)
105
This element bonds to oxygen and sodium in bleach. Its diatomic form is a yellow gas,
which was the first gas used in chemical warfare in World War I. This halogen is below fluorine and above bromine on the periodic table. It is often used to clean swimming pools and its ion is bound to sodium in table salt. For the point, name this element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl.
Chlorine
106
This element is produced via the fusion of oxygen and helium in the alpha process. Out of all elements with a complete p shell, this element is the lightest. Along with another element, this element
forms a laser that produces light at 633 nanometers. This element is frequently used in signs due to its ability to produce a characteristic, bright light. For the point, name this second lightest noble gas with
symbol Ne.
Neon
107
60 atoms of this element make up the soccer ball-shaped buckyballs. Because this element can make up to four bonds, it can form a variety of complex structures. When this element is subjected to high pressures it can form diamonds. For the point, name this element with symbol C, the basis of life.
Carbon
108
This element's methyl compounds bio-accumulate in fish and other seafood.
Atmospheric pressure can be measured in millimeters of this element, and alloys of this element are commonly known as amalgams. Remaining liquid at room temperature this is, for the point, what transition metal that has largely been replaced by colored alcohol in glass
thermometers?
Mercury
109
This molecule and water are produced in the Sabatier process, and this molecule and carbon dioxide are the main components of biogas. This molecule is the main constituent of natural gas, and it is emitted from volcanoes and swamps. For the point, identify this simplest alkane with formula CH4.
Methane
110
The shell model of this structure predicts islands of stability in isotopes with large
magic numbers that have a higher average binding energy. A famous experiment discovered this structure by firing alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil. For the point, name this structure at the center of the atom.
Nucleus
111
A chemist from this country discovered a way of predicting reaction rates based on temperature and wrote an early acid-base definition. This country's village
of Ytterby was where the elements of yttrium, ytterbium, erbium, and terbium
were discovered. A scientist from this country invented the smokeless powder
Ballistite, as well as dynamite. Svante Arrhenius was from, for the points, what
country, whose native Alfred Nobel names a set of annual prizes?
Sweden
112
Reacting this compound with copper oxide forms a bright blue salt, and a stock 98% solution of this compound has a molarity of 18.4. The 100% pure version of this substance has a Hammett function of negative twelve, and was known as oil of vitriol. This substance is formed from a vanadium oxide catalyst in the contact process. For the points, name this strong acid with formula H2SO4.
Sulfuric Acid
113
In fluorescence microscopy, this organelle is commonly stained with the dye
Hoechst [[HURKST]] 33342 when imaging cells or tissues. A structure within this
organelle, the karyolymph, is noted for "sap"-like substance, while another
structure in this organelle, continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes. Transcription occurs in this organelle,
only found in eukaryotes. For the points, the “control center” of the cell is what organelle where DNA is stored?
Nucleus
114
This type of mixture forms at the Bancroft point, which falls within the valid
ranges of the Antoine equation. Entrainers or a "pressure-swing" technique using
multiple columns can be used to "break" these systems, which deviate from Raoult's
law. A binary example of these systems is a 96% solution of ethanol in water. Also
called "constant boiling point mixtures", these are, for the points, what solutions which cannot be separated by simple distillation?
Azeotrope
115
Alfven waves travelling within these substances are modelled using MHD
theory, or magnetohydrodynamics. Magnetic fields are used to confine these
substances in the shape of a torus within a tokamak. Solar flares are caused by
magnetic reconnection within these substances because they make up the mass of the sun, as well as the discharge in lightning strikes. For the points, name these ionized gases considered the "fourth state of matter".
Plasma
116
Milton's reagent is made by dissolving this element in nitric acid and diluting
it with water. An outbreak of Minamata disease was caused by this metal, which
forms alloys called amalgams and is found in its +2 state in the mineral cinnabar. One atmosphere is equal to the pressure of 760mm of this element that can be found in barometers and old glass thermometers. For the points, name this element with atomic number 80 and chemical symbol Hg that is liquid at room temperature.
Mercury
117
This quantity of a chemical element is correlated with the frequency of X-rays
it emits by Moseley’s law, and neutronium has a value of zero for this quantity.
When a chemical element has an equal number of electrons to this quantity, it is
electrically neutral. Denoted as the symbol "Z", this is, for the points, what property
of a chemical element that equals the number of protons it has, which is one for hydrogen?
Atomic Number
118
David Geffen was forced to open an access point to a Malibu beach named for
this element, also nicknamed "Billionaire's Beach." A salt lake with this element's
name in Patagonia contains the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere. Besides the elements that are gases at room temperature, this element is the universe's most abundant. For the points, name this element whose allotropes include graphite and diamond.
Carbon
119
The Venice System uses this quantity to classify bodies of water, whose global
average is 35 parts per thousand. This quantity and temperature drive thermohaline flows, and this quantity increases from the tidal limit of a river to the mouth of an estuary. In comparison to freshwater, brackish (*) water has a higher
value of, for the points, what quantity that measures the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in water?
Salinity
120
Tin hydride or PTOC thiol are used to calibrate clocks named for these species,
and AIBN is heated to serve to initiate production of these species. A form of
polymerization using these species experiences steps of initiation via homolytic cleavage, propagation, and termination. Mechanisms containing these species are drawn using fishhook arrows, and they are thwarted by antioxidants. For the points, name these chemical species with an unpaired electron.
Free Radicals
121
The process of forming one of these substances is described by the COSMO
model and the Born equation. The K-sp value quantifies an equilibrium observed
in these substances. Molality is often used to measure the concentration of these
substances, which can form a solid precipitate if they are supersaturated. For the points, name these homogeneous mixtures that consist of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
solution
122
Along with yttrium and copper, this metal names a type of high-temperature
superconductor. This element gives fireworks their green color, and its most
common isotope has a mass number of 138. Patients consume a drink containing
a sulfate of this element as a contrasting agent before undergoing radiographic
examination. For the points, name this Group Two element symbolized Ba.
Barium
123
A polymer's glass transition can be quantified using the "differential scanning"
type of these devices, and constant volume is maintained in the "bomb" type of these devices, which can more accurately measure a sample's enthalpy of combustion. A simple example of these devices can be constructed with a stirring rod, thermometer, and two nested styrofoam coffee cups. For the points, name these devices that measure
the heat given off by a chemical reaction.
Calorimeters
124
The lever rule can be applied to these diagrams after drawing their tie lines.
The Widom and Frenkel lines on these diagrams separate different parts of a supercritical fluid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is used to measure the slope of
the coexistence curves on these diagrams, which meet at the triple point. For the
points, name these diagrams that plot temperature against pressure to show where a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
phase diagram
125
This compound has the lowest melting point of any alkane. This molecule is
both the lightest and most major constituent of liquid petroleum gas. The
combustion of this compound results in four molecules of water and three molecules of carbon dioxide. This molecule contains one less carbon than butane. For the points, what compound with chemical formula C3H8 is commonly used in portable stoves?
Propane
126
Orally active drugs have no more than five donors of these interactions
according to Lipinski’s rule. The secondary structure of proteins is determined by
these interactions. These interactions are stronger than van der Waals forces but
weaker than covalent bonds. These interactions hold together water molecules. For the points, identify these bonds named for the first element on the Periodic Table.
hydrogen bond
127
One form of this quantity is calculated as effective nuclear charge over the
covalent radius squared when using the Allred-Rochow scale. Differences in this
quantity between atoms give rise to inductive effects. Cesium has the lowest value for this quantity on the Pauling scale, which ranges from 0.8 to 4.0 and increases towards the top right of the periodic table. For the points, name this quantity, the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
electronegativity
128
A precursor to this technique produces a Taylor cone from a sample that is
dispersed by electrospray. The "tandem" form of this technique is used to sequence
proteins. Gas chromatography is often paired with this technique, which produces
sizable M and M+2 isotope peaks when the sample contains bromine or chlorine. The m-to-z ratio is measured by, for the points, what spectroscopic technique that separates ions by their weight?
mass spectrometry
129
This element was the metal constituent in a chemical which was involved in a
1990 explosion at a Russian military plant in Utika. Another compound
containing this metal has the lowest dispersive power for a solid. Isotopes of this element break into two alpha particles. The alkaline earth metal with the lowest mass, for the points, what element has atomic number 4 and symbol Be?
Beryllium
130
These mixtures, one of the three primary types, have particles ranging
between one and one thousand nanometers in diameter. Crystals formed according to the principles of these type of mixtures are capable of self-assembly, and categories of these types of mixtures include emulsions and foams. For the points, name this type of discrete or continuous mixture that can be created by mixing, for example, Jell-O powder and water.
Colloid
131
This compound is industrially produced in the anthra-quinone [[an-thrah
KWY-nohn]] process. A solution of ferrous iron and this compound is used to treat
drinking water as Fenton's reagent. Within eukaryotic [[yoo-"care"-ee-AH-tik]]
cells, specialized vacuoles use catalase [[KAT-ah-"lace"]] to break down this
compound into water and oxygen. For the points, name this compound with formula H2O2 which, like isopropyl alcohol, is commonly used as a first aid antiseptic.
Hydrogen Peroxide
132
Refluxing is performed during this process to continually recondense vapors, and
the "fractional" type of this process is often used to refine crude oil. Liquor is made by doing this process to fermented beverages. For the point, name this method of separating liquids based on their boiling points.
distillation
133
The soda-lime type of this material can be made through the addition of sodium and
calcium carbonate, while the volcanic type is naturally occurring. Boron trioxide is a major component of one form of this material used to make laboratory equipment. This amorphous solid is non-crystalline, and can be manufactured through a process known as "blowing". For the point, name this transparent material made of silica primarily found in windows.
glass
134
The breaking up and recombination of molecules that contain this entity is known as their namesake “metathesis.” Molecules that contain this structure between two carbon atoms are known as alkenes. Molecular oxygen contains this structure between its two oxygen atoms. For the point, name this structure, designated with two lines, where two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Double bond
135
The transition between minerals rich in sodium and minerals rich in this element
make up the continuous branch of Bowen’s reaction series. Along with magnesium, this metal is present in dolomite, and it is also found in aragonite and calcite. This element’s carbonate makes up the shells of many marine animals. A metal found in limestone, this is, for the point, what element, the main constituent of bone?
Calcium
136
In 1954, this scientist won a Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to weapons of
mass destruction. To treat heart disease and prevent colds, this scientist controversially advocated for megadoses of vitamin C. Electronegativity is measured within a range from 0.7 to 4 on a scale named after, for the point, what American chemist who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?
Linus Pauling
137
In 2019, this scale was recalibrated around Boltzmann’s constant. A constant term
of about 273 is used to convert this scale's measures to Celsius, and this scale is named for the title held by physicist William Thompson. For the point, name this temperature scale that starts at absolute zero.
Kelvin Scale
138
Solvents in this phase of matter are used to partition solutes in the most common
form of extraction. The HPLC type of chromatography uses a pressurized solvent in this phase, which also names the crystalline materials used in TV displays. This phase is bypassed by substances that undergo deposition and sublimation. At room temperature,
bromine and mercury exist as, for the point, what state of matter?
Liquid
139
“Thermal” and “slow” types of these particles are produced in nuclear reactors.
Isotopes of elements are caused by differing amounts of these particles. These baryons are composed of one up quark and two down quarks. For the point, name these particles found with protons in atomic nuclei and which possess no electric charge.
Neutron
140
The prefixes "ortho", "meta", and "para" describe positions on this molecule in most EAS reactions, including the Friedel-Crafts reaction that adds an alkyl group onto it. A hydroxyl group is added to this molecule to produce phenol. This simplest aromatic molecule is often drawn as a hexagon around a circle. For the point, name this molecule whose formula is C6H6.
benzene
141
In IR spectroscopy, these compounds show a broad peak at 3300 inverse
centimeters due to their hydrogen bonding. Permanent blindness can result from consuming the "wood" type of these compounds. For the point, name these compounds with a hydroxyl group, which include ethanol and an isopropyl type used as a disinfectant.
Alcohol
142
Catalytic reforming converts an intermediate of this substance called naphtha [[NAF-thuh]] into liquid reformates. This substance, which can be cracked and broken down into petrochemicals, is often extracted alongside brine and natural gas via fracking. For the point, name this liquid fossil fuel which is refined into diesel fuel and gasoline.
Petroleum
143
High precipitation can cause eluviation, or leaching, within this substance.
Pedogenesis is the process of forming this substance, which is arranged into O, A, B, and C horizons. Decayed organic matter within this substance is called humus. Clay, sand, and silt make up, for the point, what material in which plants grow?
Soil
144
"Internal" and "external" types of this early practice were included in Daoist texts.
Despite devising his namesake law, Robert Boyle practiced this discipline, believing that salt, sulfur, and mercury are the true "principles of things." For the point, name this protoscientific practice, the goals of which included creating the philosophers' stone.
Alchemy
145
The simplest type of emission spectroscopy observes the color given off by samples exposed to this phenomenon, which produces yellow for sodium and bright white for magnesium. This phenomenon is produced in laboratory settings using a Bunsen burner. For the point, name this phenomenon given off by combustion reactions.
flame
146
This element’s existence was first theorized by André-Marie Ampère in 1810, and this halogen exists by itself as a diatomic element. This element is the most electromagnetic and therefore reacts strongly to all elements, except argon, neon, and xenon. Commonly found in toothpaste, this is, for the point, what element used as an additive in tap water with the atomic symbol F?
Fluorine
147
A wooden frame called a “deckle” is used in the manufacturing of this material.
Machines that produce this material have sections termed “wet end” and “dry end.” Litmus stains this material in a common acid-base indicator. For the point, name this material made of pulp, which comes in sizes like legal and A4.
Paper
148
The inputs of Planck’s Law are frequency and this quantity. According to Charles’
law, this quantity varies directly with volume in a gas. Materials lose superconductivity above this quantity’s critical value. This quantity is measured on the Rankine scale, which starts at absolute zero but uses Fahrenheit units. For the point, name this quantity measured by a thermometer.
temperature
149
Trouton’s rule states that this value for liquids undergoing vaporization is fairly
constant. By the second law of thermodynamics, this quantity in an isolated system must increase through spontaneous evolution to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Changes in
this quantity are denoted S. For the point, name this quantity, the measure of disorder in a system.
Entropy
150
Deuterium fuses with tritium to give an isotope of this element. Neon and this noble gas are found in a specific type of laser. The nucleus of an atom of this element is equivalent to an alpha particle, which has two protons and two neutrons. For the point, two hydrogen atoms can combine to form what noble gas, the second lightest and second most abundant element in the universe?
Helium
151
This element’s color is explained by relativistic effects of its 5d orbitals. It’s not
platinum, but a combination of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid is used to dissolve this metal. A foil of this element allowed Ernest Rutherford to discover the nucleus in a namesake experiment. Electrum is the alloy of silver and, for the point, what precious elemental metal whose purity is measured in karats?
Gold
152
Diels-Alder reactions are accelerated when this molecule is used as the solvent. The
enzyme catalase breaks down its substrate into oxygen and this compound. Combustion reactions produce carbon dioxide and the gaseous form of this compound. Carbon dioxide and this compound are the inputs into photosynthesis. For the point, name this “universal solvent” with chemical formula H2O.
Water
153
These particles, first proposed by George Zweig and Murray Gell-Mann, are believed
to be among the essential building blocks of matter and are considered a fundamental secondary group of elementary particles. These particles come in six forms, and they partner with other elementary particles to form protons and neutrons. For the point, name these charged particles with flavors such as top, charm, and strange.
Quark
154
It’s not palladium, but this hetero-atom is found in an organo-metallic species in the
Suzuki reaction. This second-row element is used to yield an alcohol in an anti-Markovnikov reaction from an alkene. This element usually only forms three bonds to other elements, resulting in an empty p-orbital. The lightest metalloid is, for the point, what element with atomic symbolized B?
Boron
155
The value of this quantity is low for systems containing an abundance of hydronium ions. The isoelectric point of a molecule is this quantity when the net charge is zero. When this quantity is low for a solution, litmus paper turns red, and blood usually has a value of about 7.4 for this quantity. For the point, name this measure of the acidity of a solution.
pH
156
In order to correct for the Signor-Lipps effect, the location of where these objects
end up are assumed to be in random order. Coprolites [[KAH-pruh-lites]] are an example of the "trace" type of these objects, and geologic relationships can be determined using their "index" type. The Burgess Shale is a source of, for the point, what preserved objects that a paleontologist might find at a dig site?
Fossils
157
An isotope of potassium decays to this element in a radiometric dating technique
named for the two elements. This noble gas is the third-most abundant element in Earth’s atmosphere after nitrogen and oxygen. For the point, identify this noble gas named for the Greek for "lazy" whose atomic number is 18.
Argon
158
This process is the final step of hot recrystallization, which is sped up using a
vacuum flask and a device named for Ernst Büchner. This physical process is used to
separate sand and water. For the point, name this method of physical separation that isolates solids from liquids, which can use porous paper and a funnel.
filtration
159
This element can be added to an alkene to form an epoxide. This element is the final
electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and the diatomic form of this element is a product of photosynthesis. For the point, name this element with atomic number 8 that combines with iron to form rust.
Oxygen
160
A hyperfine transition in this element leads to a form of radiation called the 21
centimeter line. This element's alpha emission line is dark red as part of its Balmer series. This element makes up 75 percent of the baryonic mass of the universe. This element is fused by main sequence stars to produce helium. For the point, name this lightest and most
abundant element in the universe.
Hydrogen
161
A solution of ferrous iron and this compoundisusedtotreatdrinkingwateras
Fenton's reagent. Within eukaryotic [[yoo-"care"-ee-AH-tik]] cells, specialized
vacuoles use catalase [[KAT-ah-"lace"]] to break down this compound into water
and oxygen. Often used as a first aid antiseptic, for the point, what is this compound with formula H2O2?
Hydrogen Peroxide
162
Common ores of this element include nagyágite [[nahg-YAH-gite]], petzite and
krennerite, from which this element can be extracted through cyanide leaching.
Iron pyrite superficially resembles this element, lending it the nickname (*) "fool's" this element. High conductivity and malleability characterize, for the point, what precious metal known for its yellow color?
Gold
163
This scientist discovered the elements cesium [[SEE-zee-um]] and rubidium
[[roo-BIH-dee-um]] with Gustav Kirchhoff [[KEER-kof]]. This scientist lends his name
to a device that manipulates airflow at the (+) top and fuel supply at the bottom to
control combustion rate. A common type of open-flame burner is named for, for the
point, what German chemist?
Robert Bunsen
164
A type of scattering found in these substances can give a blue appearance to
motorcycle smoke or flour mixed into water. These substances, which exhibit the
Tyndall effect, include emulsions and aerosols. Common examples of these
substances include milk, fog, and foam. Insoluble particles are suspended within
another in, for the point, what type of mixture?
Colloid
165
When oxygen is present, this protein produces phosphoglycolate
[[foss-foh-gly-KOH-"late"]] and 3-phosphoglycerate
[["three" foss-foh-GLIH-seh-"rate"]]. In C4 plants, this protein has reduced specificity and is located in the bundle sheath cells. This protein is the most abundant enzyme on Earth and catalyzes the start of the Calvin cycle. The carboxylation of RuBP in photosynthesis occurs due to, for the point, what major enzyme?
RuBisCO
166
An autoclave uses "wet-heat" to leverage hydrolysis [["high"-DRAH-lih-siss]] to
perform this task on glassware, rendering it aseptic. 70 percent is the most
effective concentration of isopropyl [["eye"-soh-PROH-pil]] alcohol for performing this task. The killing of microorganisms on lab equipment and other surfaces is done through, for the point, what method?
Sterilization
167
Faraday's constant equals the charge of an electron times this quantity, which
is also multiplied by Boltzmann's constant to give the ideal gas constant. This
constant equals the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, which is
approximately 6.022 times 10 to the 23rd power. Defining the number of particles in a mole, for the point, what is this constant which is named for an Italian scientist?
Avogadro's number
168
Up-regulation of cytochrome P450 conveys resistance to this organo-chlorine
compound, which prevents sodium channels from closing. This chemical was
implicated in declining peregrine falcon and bald eagle populations as it
accumulated in their prey. Responsible for thinning eggshells, for the point, what is
this pesticide that was highlighted in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?
DDT(
169
Each atom in this material shares three sp2 hybridized orbitals, making it the
strongest of all currently known materials. Andre Geim [[GIME]] employed
micromechanical exfoliation and a silicon wafer to isolate layers of this material
using Scotch tape and the primary component of pencil lead. Arranged in a
single-layered hexagonal lattice, for the point, what is this 2D carbon allotrope?
Graphene
170
This law is extended to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction by Hess's law. This
law, which is often notated as "delta U equals Q minus W, "is equivalent to stating that first kind perpetual motion machines are impossible. Stating that the total amount of mass-energy in a system is constant, for the point, what is this law?
First Law of Thermodynamics
171
One controversial method for carrying out this task involves depositing a
certain substance into a subduction zone. The primary method for carrying out
this task is called deep geological repository. For the point, identify this task of safely dealing with the waste products of fusion and fission.
Radioactive waste disposal
172
The citrate of this element can be used to prevent kidney stones and is used as a
laxative to prepare for colonoscopies. Calcined dolomite can be used to purify this element. This element's sulfate is often used for anti-inflammatory soaks and is called epsom salt. In a flame test, bright white light is emitted by, for the point, what alkali earth metal with
number 12.
Magnesium
173
This substance is composed of equal parts dichlorophenoxyacetic [["die"-klo-ro-feh-NAHK-see-ah-SEH-tik]] acid and
trichlorophenoxyacetic
[["try"-klo-ro-feh-NAHK-see-ah-SET-tik]] acid. The first use of this substance occurred during the Malaysian Emergency. A part of the larger class of “Rainbow Herbicides,” for the point, what is this defoliant used to clear out forests during the Vietnam War?
Agent Orange
174
The "shocked" variety of this mineral is used as evidence for major meteor impacts, such as the crater at Chicxulub [["CHICK"-soo-loob]]. This mineral is a seven on the Mohs hardness scale and exhibits piezo [[pee-YEH-zoh]]-electricity. This mineral, which is commonly found in sands, has an electric current passed through it to keep time in many watches. For the point, name this mineral whose chemical name is silicon dioxide.
Quartz
175
This element's tetra-ethyl compound was formerly widely used as a gasoline
anti-knock additive. This element is used in radiometric dating because both thorium and uranium ultimately decay into it. This element is used in radiation shields for X-rays due to its high density. For the point, name this toxic heavy metal whose atomic symbol is Pb.
Lead(
176
This quantity is conserved in microscopic reversible processes, but is monotonic
[[mah-noh-TAH-nik]] in macroscopic processes. According to the Boltzmann–Planck equation, this quantity is equal to k log W. For a perfect crystal at absolute zero, this quantity equals zero. For the point, name this quantity, the measure of total disorder in a system.
Entropy
177
Lapis lazuli's [[LAH-pis LAHZ-yoo-lees]] blue color comes from this element's
negatively charged thiozone [["THIGH"-oh-"zone"]] ion. This element is used to strengthen rubber through vulcanization. When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, this element makes a compound that smells like rotten eggs. For the point, name this chalcogen [[KAL-soh-jen]] with atomic number 16.
Sulfur
178
The temperature at which a volatile compound undergoes this reaction most readily is called the flashpoint. Smoldering is an extended, slow rate form of this reaction. The incomplete form of this reaction produces carbon monoxide and solid carbon instead of the typical CO2 and water. For the point, name this form of rapid exothermic redox reactions in
which fuel is burned.
Combustion
179
The fractional form of this technique is used to refine petroleum products. This
technique, which cannot separate azeotropes [[AY-zee-oh-tropes]] without an additional component, is used to produce spirits from fermented products. For the point, name this technique of separating mixtures based on boiling point.
Distillation
180
This material releases heat as it cures, requiring coolants such as water or liquid
nitrogen to be pumped through it as it sets. This material's reinforced type is augmented with steel rebar. This material is composed of rough aggregate held together with a binding agent. For the point, name this material made of stone set in cement that is used to make
structures such as buildings and dams.
Concrete
181
This element forms a double bond with benzene in the Birch Reduction. This
element was first isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy by using electrolysis
[[ee-lek-TRAH-lih-siss]] on this element's hydroxide, which is also called caustic soda, or lye. This element is exchanged with potassium in an active transport pump. For the point, name this element that reacts with chlorine to form table salt.
Sodium
182
This element's crystalline form is the primary component of photovoltaic cells.
Integrated circuits frequently utilize a thinly sliced "wafer" of this element. This element is the most common material used in modern semiconductors. For the point, name this element with atomic number 15, which sits directly below carbon on the periodic table.
Silicon
183
Modern computers typically replace these devices with solid-state technology.
Individual blocks of data in these devices can be retrieved in any order, allowing for
random-access memory. For the point, name this component of a computer used for long-term storage, whose capacity can be measured in terabytes or megabytes.
Hard Drive
184
A high-pressure solvent is forced through a bed of tightly packed adsorbing material
in this technique's high-performance variety. This technique uses a mobile and stationary phase and can be demonstrated with a coffee filter and marker. For the point, name this lab
technique used to separate mixtures using namesake paper, which forms colorful bands.
Chromatography
185
This compound can trigger a runaway feedback loop according to the "gun
hypothesis." This greenhouse gas is commonly trapped inside ice clathrates
[[KLATH-"rates"]] at the bottom of the ocean. This compound is the primary fuel found in natural gas. For the point, name this simplest hydrocarbon, a tetrahedral compound with chemical formula CH4.
Methane
186
This element names a type of photoluminescence often contrasted with
fluorescence. This element's allotropes include a tetrahedral white variety and an
amorphous red variety. The primary ingredient in match heads, for the point, what is this element which is located below nitrogen on the periodic table, with atomic number 15 and symbol "P"?
Phosphorus
187
This compound is oxidized by heating it with oxygen to form nitric oxide in the first
step of the Ostwald process. Mixing this compound with bleach-containing substances produces toxic chloramine [[KLOH-rah-meen]] vapors. Fritz Haber [[HAH-buh]] discovered a process for, for the point, what simplest amine [[AM-een]] compound with formula NH3?
Ammonia
188
Ozone can be used to split this functional group into carboxylic acids and ketones. No intermediate productions, like a similar functional group, form when these functional groups undergo halogenation. The German words Entgegen and Zusammen lend their names to the E and Z symbols used to label isomers of this functional group. The general formula of acyclic examples of these hydrocarbons have formula C-n, H-2n. The simplest example of these hydrocarbons is ethene. For the point, name this type of functional group consisting of a carbon carbon double bond.
alkene
189
In the United States, types of this material can be identified by a resin identification
number between one and seven. Leo Baekeland coined the term for this material and invented the first fully synthetic example of one, bakelite. Because it is likely an endocrine disruptor, the use of BPA as an additive to this material has been called into question. Examples of this material include polypropylene and polystyrene. For the point, name these highly malleable synthetic polymers, which make up water bottles and milk jugs.
plastics
190
A white one of these substances forms in the result of a double replacement reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride. Double displacement reactions are classified as this type of reaction if the reaction occurs in an aqueous solution and one of the products is insoluble. Sometimes referred to as sediment, this solid component sits below the supernatant. Both referring to the process by which it forms and the solid
substance itself, for the point, is what solid that forms out of solution?
precipitation
191
A plus three oxidation state salt derivative of one member of these elements is
commonly used as an MRI contrast agent. Due to poor shielding of the 4f electrons of
these elements, they experience a namesake contraction in atomic radius. Members of this group of elements include Europium, Samarium, and Ytterbium. This group of elements begins at 57 and ends at 71. For the point, name this group of elements that sits below the transition metals on the periodic table above the actinides. .
lanthanides
192
Kenneth Livak introduced a delta-delta-CT method for determining the number of
cycles needed for fluorescence from dyes like SYBR fluorophores to be detectable. In this technique, an eight-tube strip contains the sample and a portion of the "master mix" of dNTPs, magnesium chloride and enzymes. Kary Mullis was recognized with the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing this technique whose real time variant makes use of TaqMan probes. Temperature is cycled in this technique during Denaturing, Annealing, and Extension phases, and primers are used to extend nucleotide sequences.
For the point, name this technique of amplifying a DNA sample.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
193
A stopcock is used to control the rate at which these devices function in the dropping variety of this lab equipment. The separatory variety of this lab equipment is used in liquid-liquid extraction. The Buchner variety allows for fast filtration with this piece of lab equipment. This simple piece of plastic, glass, or stainless steel lab equipment in wider scale operations typically has a channel of liquid that feeds into the wide end with filter paper placed near the narrow end. For the point, name this device which can aid in guiding liquid into a narrow opening of a container.
funnel
194
Fleischmann and Pons thought they had discovered cold fusion by using this process on heavy water over a palladium substrate. The Tafel equation can be used to calculate the overpotential of water when reacted over a platinum substrate. The Hall-Heroult process uses this method to extract aluminum from aluminum oxide. Water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen if this process is driven at the correct voltage. For the
point, name this process of producing chemical reactions at cathodes and anodes by applying a direct current.
electrolysis
195
This material in its molten form is fed through an "isopipe" in a fusion process
developed by the Corning company. In that industrial process, this material is then cut from a "mother sheet" to be fed into an ion-exchange process to form this material's sturdy "Gorilla" variety. Using random network theory, W.H. Zachariasen developed four empirical rules for this material. A layer of titanium dioxide added to this material creates a "self-cleaning" variety. The properties of polymers drastically change after undergoing a transition named for this material. These vitreous solids are often formed
from the rapid quenching of molten material. Natural varieties of this material include obsidian. For the point, name this amorphous crystalline material that can be formed from the silica in sand.
glass
196
This molecules inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase is the reason it quickly leads to death after inhalation. When this molecule is a part of an organic compound as a functional group, it is known as a nitrile. This molecule can sometimes smell of bitter almonds. It consists of a carbon atom triple bonded to an element to the immediate right of carbon on the periodic table. For the point, name this poison
found in apple seeds with chemical formula CN minus.
cyanide
197
The Frasch process is used to produce an allotrope with this many sulfur atoms, known as a puckered ring. There are this many hydrogen atoms in propane. With the exception of helium, noble gases usually have this many valence electrons. For the point, identify the number of carbons in octane.
eight
198
These functional groups are products of reactions named after Ullmann and Williamson. A cyclic variety of these compounds are known as their namesake crown. Its diethyl type was commonly
used as an anesthetic. For the point, name these compounds consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.
Ether
199
This molecule is released in the formation of a peptide bond. Desiccants made up silica gel and other material are used to absorb this molecule. The most common form of thin- film interference involves oil and this molecule. This molecule has a bent geometry, a freezing point at 0 degrees Celsius, and a boiling point at 100 degrees Celsius. For the point, name this substance with chemical formula H2O [h two oh].
water
200
The difference between this quantity's forward and reverse forms equals the reaction heat. On a reaction coordinate, this quantity is the difference between the maximum point and the curves value for
the reactants. Catalysts lower, for the point, what amount of energy which must be supplied to a system for a reaction to occur?
activation energy
201
This quantity is the analog of the work function for a single atom. Mullikens electronegativity calculation is equal to the average of this quantity and electron a nity. This quantity is similar to electron
a nity and decreases as one moves to the bottom left of the periodic table. For the point, name this quantity equal to the amount of energy required to strip an element of one electron to create a charged species.
first ionization energy
202
Defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius, this quantity is approximately equal to four-point-two joules. A gram of protein or
a gram of carbohydrates has a value of four for this quantity, but a gram of fat has a value of nine. For the point, name this unit of energy often found at the top of nutrition labels.
calories
