Physics Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
A property of matter that is described in Newton’s First Law of Motion and refers to the tendency for an object to stay at rest or remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force. It’s an object’s tendency to resist a change in its state of motion.
A
Inertia
2
Q
Type of nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus is split into two lighter nuclei
A
Fission
3
Q
Resistance of two surfaces in contact with one another, opposing the relative motion between two surfaces.
A
Friction
4
Q
In airplanes, atmospheric phenomenon caused by irregular motion
A
Turbulence
5
Q
Four fundamental forces
A
Gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force
6
Q
Field of physics that studies the properties of sound
A
Acoustics
7
Q
This person developed the law of gravity after an apple fell on his head
A
Isaac Newton
8
Q
An object’s ability to return to its original shape after being flattened or stretched
A
Elasticity
9
Q
The temperature it takes to transform a substance, typically a liquid into vapor
A
Boiling point
10
Q
Reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, giving off heat and light
A
Combustion
11
Q
Strongest form of electromagnetic radiation
A
Gamma rays
12
Q
This occurs when a neutron bombards into an atomic nucleus resulting in the atom to split into two smaller nuclei
A
Fission
13
Q
This measures how fast vibrations travel. If an object exceeds it, a sonic boom occurs. It is also known as Mach-1.
A
Speed of sound
14
Q
Objects whose namesake fields can attract or repel each other. They can be created by passing current through a wire.
A
Magnets
15
Q
Dense region at the center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
A
Nucleus
16
Q
Electromagnetic waves discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen used in hospitals to create images of the body’s internal structure and examine the human skeleton
A
X-rays
17
Q
Force that resists a body’s motion through a fluid.
A
Drag
18
Q
Led the Manhattan Project , which was an American-led collaborative effort to develop the atomic bomb during World War II.
A
J. Robert Oppenheimer
19
Q
An object that is in motion contains a form of energy called this.
A
kinetic energy
20
Q
A Greek mathematician from Syracuse who discovered a principle pertaining to buoyancy .
A
Archimedes
21
Q
Is the measurement of how much matter an object has, such as stars. It differs from weight as weight measures the gravitational force on an object.
A
Mass
22
Q
Subatomic particles that contain a positive charge. They are found in the nucleus of an atom, along with the neutrally-charged neutron.
A
Protons
23
Q
A German-American physicist who was born in Germany and died in the United States, developed the theory of special and general relativity and his famous equation: E=mc2 .
A
Albert Einstein
24
Q
Simple machines refer to the basic devices used to apply a force. What are the six simple machines?
A
screw, wheel and axle, lever, inclined plane, pulley, and wedge
25
J. J. Thomson’s plum pudding model and Niels Bohr ’s planetary model were based on early ideas regarding the structure of what?
Atom
26
American-led collaborative effort to develop the atomic bomb during World War II.
Manhattan Project
27
299,792,458 meters per second traveling in vacuum
Speed of light
28
A subatomic particle that has a particle spin equal to an integer value.
Boson
29
The SI (International System of Units) unit of power
Watt
30
A seesaw is an example of this simple machine, commonly represented by wheelbarrows and seesaws that consists of a beam and fulcrum.
Lever
31
One of the fundamental methods of heat transfer in matter. It occurs when the energy from the motion of charged particles like electrons and protons is converted to radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Thermal radiation
32
The “downward” force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth and cause objects to fall toward the ground.
Gravity
33
This scale is used to measure temperature in science and is in common usage outside the United States.
Celsius
34
This is measured in amperes, quantifies the flow of electrical charge through a point.
Current
35
The property of a substance that can be measured by dividing its mass by its volume.
Density
36
Two of these particles behave as a boson in a Cooper pair, and these particles name
the most stable flavor of neutrino. These particles and stable leptons possess antiparticles called positrons, and these particles are the quanta and force carrier of the electromagnetic force. For the point, name these negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. These have a negative charge and are found in orbitals beyond the nucleus. Particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus.
Electrons
37
Elementary particles that combine to form protons and neutrons.
Quarks
38
The process in which the direction of a wave changes when entering another medium.
Refraction
39
This type of radiation has wavelengths longer than x-rays and shorter than visible light.
Ultraviolet radiation
40
A simple machine used to hold objects together. The structure of a screw consists of an inclined plane wrapped
around a cylinder.
Screw
41
An Italian polymath during the Renaissance. His innovations include the aerial screw, which is similar to the structure of today’s helicopters.
Leonardo da Vinci
42
This unit measures the bending of light as it passes through another medium.
Refractive index
43
What are the four fundamental states of matter
liquid, solid, gas, and plasma.
44
A type of matter whose properties are opposite of the properties of normal atoms.
Antimatter
45
The number of protons that an atom contains in its nucleus.
Atomic number
46
A state of matter that consists of a high concentration of charged particles.
Plasma
47
The measure of a system’s disorder. All systems tend toward entropy, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Entropy
48
Hoover Dam produces what type of power?
Hydroelectric
49
Which of these animals is an example of an invertebrate? Eagle, Iguana, Honeybee, Gorilla?
Honeybee
50
What term in classical physics describes any substance that has mass and takes up space
Matter
51
The ability of an object to float in a fluid is known by what term?
Buoyancy
52
The branch of physics that studies light and its properties is known as what?
Optics
53
The branch of science that deals with the fundamental structure of matter, its behavior in space and time, as well as energy and force.
Physics
54
The product of the linear dimension and flow speed is divided by this quantity to give the Reynolds number. This quantity's kinematic form is equal to its dynamic form divided by the density of the fluid. For the point, name this quantity, a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow.
Viscosity
55
A possible test of this technology was known as the Vela Incident. Tests of this
technology include Smiling Buddha and Castle Bravo, and the presence of these weapons in Cuba triggered a 1962 diplomatic crisis. For the point, name this military weapon that uses a fission reaction to create an explosion.
Nuclear weapon or Atom Bomb or A-Bomb
56
This force can be found by taking the product of its direction with the dot product of the unit vector and the Cauchy stress tensor. For a ramp with an angle of
inclination theta, the magnitude of this force is equal to mg cosine theta. This force prevents a book perched on a table from sinking through it. For the point, name this force produced by a contact surface perpendicular to itself.
Normal force
57
The transfer of these particles is the central mechanism of redox reactions. A Lewis acid is defined by its ability to form a covalent bond with one of these particles. The addition of these particles can lead to the formation of an anion. These particles form a namesake "cloud" composed of orbitals. For the point, name these subatomic particles with a negative charge.
Electrons
58
Objects that exceed this quantity emit Cherenkov radiation. Velocity divided by this quantity equals relativistic beta, which is found in the denominator of the Lorentz factor. This value is constant in all inertial reference frames according to Einstein's theory of special relativity. For the point, name this quantity symbolized "c" which is about 300 million meters per second and represents the maximum speed at which objects can travel.
Speed of light
59
For humans, the longest wavelength cone primarily sees this color, and cells named
after this color are called erythrocytes. Although they can vary greatly, algal blooms are sometimes called "tides" of this color. The first stage of a bruise is usually this color and inflammation can cause skin to turn this color. The iron atom in hemoglobin causes, for the point, mammalian blood cells to take on what namesake color?
Red
60
A semi-empirical formula for this quantity named for Bethe [[BEH-tuh]] and
Weizsäcker [[VAIT-seh-kuh]] can also be used to calculate nuclear binding energy using its namesake "defect." The Higgs boson gives particles this property, which also equals energy divided by the speed of light squared according to a formula proposed by Albert Einstein. For the point, name this quantity symbolized "m" and measured in kilograms.
Mass
61
For a wire, this quantity varies inversely with cross-sectional area and directly with length. The inverse of this quantity is measured in siemens [SEE mens] and is called conductance. The ideal
circuit component related to this quantity is represented by a zigzag on a circuit diagram. This quantity is measured in ohms. For the point, name this quantity that describes how much a device opposes electric flow.
electrical resistance
62
In 2016, the project LIGO reported the detection of waves of this force. General relativity states that this force is responsible for the curvature of spacetime. Of all four fundamental forces, this is the weakest. Newton formed a universal inverse-square law for this force, which produces an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second on Earth's surface. For the point, name this force described by constants big G and small g, the attraction between two masses.
Gravity
63
This force is described by Amontons law and is proportional to the normal force on an object. Drag is the aerodynamic equivalent of this force which comes in static and kinetic forms. This force often
opposes change in motion and can be reduced with lubricants. For the point, name this resistive force, that generates heat when you rub your hands together.
Friction
64
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator describes the total sum of this property for a system. The first law of thermodynamics holds that this property is always conserved. This property
is measured in Joules and is defined as the ability for a system to do work. Coming in kinetic and potential forms is, for the point, what property that gives a material the ability to move?
Energy
65
The positive displacement type of these devices continuously trap and move small
amounts of fluids. The diaphragm type of these devices alternates fluid motion between two chambers separated by a flexible rubber seal. Pressure is reduced in the vacuum type of these devices, and reciprocal examples of these devices power hand-operated wells. For the point,
name these devices used to inflate tires.
Pump
66
Archimedes explained this natural phenomenon using the center of mass of a triangle. Vitruvius explained this naturally occurring phenomenon by publishing De Architectura, and
Galileo Galilei apocryphally demonstrated this natural phenomenon by dropping two balls from the same height. For the point, name this natural force that explains why objects fall.
Gravity
67
This quantity is the time integral of the impulse, and Coulomb’s law states that one type of this quantity between two objects is inversely proportional to their distance squared. This vector quantity is equal to mass times acceleration, according to Newton’s second law of
motion. For the point, name this vector quantity, examples of which include pushes and pulls.
Force
68
This scientist proposed the parton model of hadrons and the path integral
formulation of quantum mechanics. Constructs named for this scientist can be
used to visualize scattering processes. This scientist’s Lectures on Physics is one of the
most popular science books ever written. For the points, name this Caltech physicist whose namesake “diagrams” represent the motion of particles.
Feynman
69
This many bonding pairs of electrons are found in molecules with a seesaw
geometry. This is the atomic number of the lightest element in emerald. One
molecule of hydrogen peroxide contains this many total atoms. Methane contains this many hydrogen atoms. For the points, how many bonds can carbon form, which is also its number of valence electrons?
Four
70
One experiment testing this theory measured gamma rays emitted from an
iron sample placed in a loudspeaker cone, and was performed by Pound and Rebka.
The equivalence principle relates two forms of mass in this theory, which is also
described by a set of field equations that contained the cosmological constant. Gravity is explained by the curvature of space-time in, for the points, what theory proposed by Einstein with a "special" counterpart?
General Relativity
71
This quantity that appears in the Fresnel number can be computed using the
formula "h over mc". Radio waves are the weakest form of electromagnetic
radiation because they have the highest value for this quantity, which is measured by the distance between adjacent troughs. On a visible light spectrum, the color green
has a value ranging between 495 to 570 nanometers for, for the points, what quantity that describes the horizontal distance between two peaks of a wave, symbolized lambda?
Wavelength
72
Planck’s constant over this quantity is equal to the de Broglie [[deh BROY]]
wavelength of a particle. The net change in this quantity is equal to impulse, while the
rate of change of this quantity is equal to force. This quantity, whose SI unit is
equivalent to the newton-second, changes equally to the net force acting on it,
according to Newton's Second Law of Motion. For the points, what quantity is equal to mass times velocity, denoted as the letter "p"?
Momentum
73
When photons from this specific phenomenon enter galactic clusters, they
undergo inverse Compton scattering. The WMAP and COBE probes studied the
anisotropies of this phenomenon, which was discovered at Bell Labs and has a
temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin. Evidence for the Big Bang is given by, for the
points, what black-body radiation that permeates the whole universe and has a frequency between radio and infrared?
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation
74
Under special relativity, this law is implied by the general form of the first law
of thermodynamics and Albert Einstein's formula "E equals m c squared." With the laws of definite and multiple proportions, this law underlies the principles of stoichiometry [[stoy-kee-YAH-meh-tree]], which is used to balance chemical reactions. Antoine Lavoisier discovered, for the points, what law that states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed?
Law of Conservation of Mass
75
ITU-R 468 weighting and A-weighting are commonly used to measure a type of
this phenomenon. The thermal excitation of electrons causes a type of this
phenomenon known as its Johnson-Nyquist variety. A type of this phenomenon is given as the ratio of signal power to its power and adds error to electronic signals. A constant power spectral density defines the "white" type of, for the points, what unwanted disturbance of an electrical signal.
Noise
76
The geometric mean theorem relates the length of one of these segments in a
triangle to the lengths of the segments it creates. The inverse Pythagorean
theorem relates the length of these segments. These segments of a triangle coincide at its orthocenter. The area of a triangle can be calculated by multiplying one-half times a base times one of these segments. For the points, name these segments drawn from a vertex and perpendicular to the opposite side.
Triangle altitude
77
This phenomenon is responsible for the Ekman spiral, and its vertical
analogue is known as the Eötvös [[OHT-vohs]] effect. The National Geographic
tested this phenomenon in an experiment where a person throws a ball to the person in front of them while on a roundabout. Contrary to popular opinion, this effect does not have an impact on the direction of toilet flushing in different hemispheres. For the points, name this effect that deflects objects while rotating, an effect caused by a fictitious namesake force.
Coriolis Effect
78
This process and its terminology is still commonly used despite our advances
in the understanding of the quantum-mechanical nature of the atom. This process, developed under the Bohr model of the atom, has to do with the arrangement of certain particles into their energy sublevels. For the points, name this process of summarizing and arranging electrons into their orbitals, governed by concepts such as the Aufbau principle.
Electron Configuration
79
Marian Smoluchowski proposed a theoretical perpetual motion machine
powered by this process called its namesake “ratchet”. In mathematics, this
phenomenon is modeled by the Wiener Process, a stochastic one-dimensional
model of it. This phenomenon was the subject of the second of Albert Einstein’s Annus Mirabilis papers, and was first observed by its namesake in pollen grains in water. For the points, name this random movement of particles in a fluid.
Brownian motion
80
After this scientist became the first to isolate benzene, he became the first
Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution. With his ice pail
experiment, this chemist and physicist developed an enclosure wherein
electromagnetic fields are blocked. For the points, name this inventor of the
homopolar generator who developed a namesake law on electromagnetic induction.
Michael Faraday (accept Faraday's Law of Induction)
81
This phenomenon can be applied to current meters to measure water current
velocities. In medicine, this effect can help assess the direction of blood flow and the
velocity of blood and cardiac tissue in an echo-cardiogram, and when applied to
astronomy, the relativistic form of this effect can utilize electromagnetic waves to
detect the rotational speed of stars and galaxies. For the points, name this effect, the change in the frequency of waves in relation to an observer.
Doppler Effect
82
Gauss’s law can be proven from this equation if the superposition principle is
fulfilled. A constant in this inverse-square law is equal to one over four pi times the
permittivity of free space. That constant used in this law is approximately equal to
8.988 x 10^9. The electrostatic interaction between two point charges can be
described by, for the points, what law that relates force to the product of k, q1, and q2 all over r-squared, named after a French physicist?
Coulomb's Law
83
A model generalizing this phenomenon was solved in two dimensions by Lars
Onsager as a lattice of interacting plus-one and minus-one spins; that model is the
Ising model. This property persists even after a change in the applied field due to its hysteresis. Materials lose this property if heated past the Curie temperature. For the points, name this form of magnetism exhibited by nickel, cobalt, and its namesake, iron.
ferromagnetism
84
One form of this law is joined with Faraday's law to give an induction equation for ideal MHD. Another form of this law states that current density equals sigma times electric field. At low forward bias, this law does not apply to diodes, and the drops calculated by this law add to zero, according to Kirchhoff's loop rule. For the points, name this law that states voltage equals current times resistance.
Ohm's Law
85
Methods that measure this quantity include the concentric cylinder geometry,
which consists of a spindle, inner bob, and an outer cup and a similar apparatus that
consists of a spindle, cone, and plate. Air has the lowest value of the absolute type of this quantity while glass has the highest value. Glycerol has the value of 1 Newton-second per square meter in, for the points, what quantity that comes in the dynamic and kinematic types and describes a fluid’s resistance to flow?
Viscosity
86
This force transforms charge in the tribo-electric effect, and can be depicted in
Amontons Law, which states that this force is directly proportional to the applied load. The strength of this force is proportional to the normal force and can be related by a namesake coefficient symbolized mu [[MYOO]]. For the point, name this force that comes in static and kinetic forms and opposes the change in motion.
Friction
87
At very low Reynolds numbers, the magnitude of this force on a spherical object is proportional to fluid velocity according to Stokes' law. Gravity balances this upward-acting force when a falling object reaches terminal velocity. For the point, name this force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid.
drag force
88
In practical experimentation, this effect illustrates that the removal of negatively
charged particles from a material surface occurs only when incident rays of light exceed a certain frequency regardless of change in intensity. Albert Einstein used this effect to explain the particle nature of light. For the point, name this phenomenon in which light emits electrons when hitting certain materials.
Photoelectric Effect
89
This system was developed at the same time as GLONASS, which suffered from
incomplete coverage. Lockheed Martin designed objects as part of Block Three, which enable this system to work. The time of transmission and time of arrival are broadcast by this system's satellites. The United States Space Force operates, for the point, what system that allows users to navigate the globe?
GPS
90
Two different types of this quantity are equated in Einstein's equivalence principle. This quantity is zero for particles such as photons and gluons, and the gravitational force between two bodies is proportional to the product of this quantity for both. For the point, name this quantity measured in kilograms.
Mass
91
The total sum of this quantity flowing into a node must equal the total sum of this
quantity flowing out of it, according to Kirchhoff’s junction rule. Electrical power is the product of voltage and this quantity. For the point, name this quantity, equal to voltage over resistance by Ohm’s law.
Electric Current
92
The sum of all values of this quantity in a circuit is governed by Kirchhoff's loop rule.
This quantity is produced across a conductor in the Hall effect. Power equals this quantity times current. For a capacitor, charge is equal to capacitance times this quantity, and it is equal to current times resistance in Ohm’s law. For the point, name this quantity, the difference in electric potential between two points, symbolized V.
Voltage
93
This man tried to calculate the number of sand grains that could fit in the universe
in The Sand Reckoner. His namesake principle states that the weight displaced by an object in a fluid equals the buoyant force on it. For the point, name this Greek mathematician from Syracuse notable for shouting "Eureka!"
Archimedes
94
One form of this quantity can be calculated from enthalpy and temperature by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, that is the “vapor” form. Amonton’s law correlates this quantity with temperature. Dalton’s law equates the sum of the “partial” forms of this quantity to the “total” form in a system. For the point, name this quantity measured in pascals, the force per unit area.
Pressure
95
Hideki Yukawa proposed that this force existed due to the pion. This force binds
quarks together to form hadrons, and it also keeps hadrons together in atomic nuclei. For the point, name this fundamental force responsible for keeping protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
Strong Force
96
Unlike their antiparticle, these particles have left-handed chirality [[KYE-rah-lih
tee]], as well as a neutron and positron. These particles are emitted during beta decay, and these fermions come in flavors that corresponds to leptons such as the electron, muon, and tau. For the point, name these nearly massless particles that interact via the weak force.
Neutrino
97
One of these devices was used to cool rubidium atoms into the first Bose-Einstein
condensate. In the three-level type of these devices, pumping is used to energize the gain medium until it reaches a state of population inversion. Stimulated emission produces a coherent beam of very focused light in, for the point, what devices often found in barcode scanners and printers?
Lasers
98
The time-independent form of an equation named for this man is written as "H psi
equals E psi". This man critiqued the Copenhagen interpretation by proposing a situation in which a radioactive source causes a hammer to break open a flask of poison. A thought experiment about a cat that is simultaneously alive and dead was proposed by, for the point, what Austrian physicist?
Erwin Schrödinger
99
Electrically-powered types of these objects operate when the object’s magnetic field
and its electric current in a wire generate torque to be applied on the object’s shaft.
Mechanically, these objects typically consist of a stator, commutator, windings, and a rotor supported by bearings. For the point, name this family of machines designed to convert forms of energy into mechanical energy.
Motor (or Engine)
100
The opposite of this word names a type of "deep scattering" that gave evidence for
the existence of quarks. Young's modulus is also named for this property of a material. According to kinetic molecular theory, gas particles undergo collisions described by this term where the total kinetic energy remains the same. For the point, what term describes materials like rubber that return to their original shape after a deformation?
elastic
101
This person analyzed samples of pitchblende and torbernite in experiments that led her to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. Also the winner of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, this is, for the point, what Polish-French scientist who discovered polonium and radium, and conducted research on radioactivity with her husband, Pierre?
Marie Curie
102
The gravitational definition of this quantity states it is the equivalent of an object’s
mass multiplied by its gravitational acceleration, whereas the operational definition states this quantity is equivalent to the amount of force exerted by an object. The newton is the SI unit that measures, for the point, what quantity, commonly measured in the U.S. in pounds?
Weight
103
The motion of these devices is described using the small angle approximation of
"sine theta equals theta". A system with two of these devices attached end-to-end exhibits chaotic behavior. Foucault [[foo-KOH]] demonstrated the rotation of the Earth using one of these devices, which is also a simple harmonic oscillator. For the point, name these devices that consist of a mass hanging on a string.
pendulum
104
This particle's interaction with other elementary particles can be observed through Raman scattering. In the Standard Model, this hadron is categorized as having electroweak interactions, and this particle is unified with the W and Z gauge bosons. For the point, name these massless elementary particles symbolized by the Greek letter gamma, the quanta of
the electromagnetic field, and more specifically light.
Photon
105
This quantity's phase type is described as the rate at which a wave propagates in a
medium. The time derivative of this quantity is acceleration, and the unit of this quantity is usually expressed in meters per second. Displacement divided by time equals, for the point, what vector quantity that consists of both speed and direction, denoted as "v"?
Velocity
106
In a wheel and axle system with equal wheel and axle mass, this quantity for
the wheel is equal to mass times radius squared. For a belt and pulley system, this
quantity is equal to the axial force on the belt multiplied by the radius of the drive pulley. This quantity, symbolized tau, is the time derivative of angular momentum. For the point, name this rotational analogue of linear force
Torque
107
This type of radiation creates free radicals by reacting with CFCs, which can
damage the ozone layer. This kind of radiation creates vitamin D from ergosterol [[er-GAH-steh-rol]] and 7-dehydrocholesterol [[dee-hy-dro-"cholesterol"]]. The primary cause of sunburns, for the point, what is this type of electromagnetic radiation which has wavelengths longer than x-rays, but shorter than visible light?
Ultraviolet Radiation
108
A type of crystallography using this radiation was used by Rosalind Franklin to
take a photo of the structure of DNA. The discovery of this type of radiation earned Wilhelm Röntgen [[RENT-gen]] a Nobel Prize in Physics. With a lower frequency than gamma rays, for the point, what is this type of radiation which can be used to image bones?
X-rays
109
For an ideal block and tackle setup, this quantity is equal to the number of
rope sections supporting the block. For a wedge, this quantity is inversely
proportional to the wedge's slope. This quantity is demonstrated by the law of the lever, which relates opposing weights and arm length. Used to measure the
effectiveness of simple machines, for the point, what is this output force to input force?
Mechanical Advantage
110
Chiral [[KY-rull]] symmetry breaking and asymptotic [[AY-simp-TAH-tik]]
freedom are among the properties of the quantum chromodynamics theory of this
force, which confines smaller particles into hadrons. This force, whose magnitude
increases with distance, is mediated by gluons. Binding together neutrons and
protons in the nucleus, for the point, what is this fundamental force which is much more powerful than the weak force?
Strong Nuclear Force
111
For an object to be in static equilibrium, this force's metacenter must be above
the center of gravity. This force, which equals density times gravity times volume, is opposed by the hydrostatic pressure gradient. This force equals the weight of the fluid that is displaced according to the Archimedes principle. Objects float in liquid due to, for the point, what force?
Buoyant force
112
In their simplest form, these devices possess a vertical portion, the gnomon
[[NOH-mon]], and a horizontal portion, the style. Along with specialized candles and water drip clocks, these were among the earliest devices to mark the time of day. The position of shadows is used in, for the point, what devices that determine the time?
Sundial
113
A loop example of these materials is called a Josephson junction. Throughthe
Meissner effect, these materials expel magnetic field lines. The BCS theory of these materials posits that phonons mediate the binding of electrons into Cooper pairs. Lacking electrical resistance, for the point, what are these materials with a “high temperature” variety?
Superconductor
114
Torque is equal to the moment of inertia multiplied by the tangential form of
this quantity. In general relativity, it is impossible to distinguish between forces caused by gravity and this quantity. Often measured in units per meter squared, for the point, what is this quantity measuring rate of change in velocity?
Acceleration
115
The cantilevered type of these objects are supported only from one end. One
common type of these objects has two horizontal flanges[[FLAN-jeez]] connected by a vertical web, known as the "I" type of these objects. Having much greater length
than width, for the point, what are these fundamental structural components?
Beam
116
By firing a gun into the ballistic variety of these devices, the momentum of a
bullet can be found. A classical example of a chaotic system is the double variety of
these devices. The ideal form of these devices consists of a weighted bob at the
end of a massless rod. Swinging to keep time in grandfather clocks, for the point, what are these devices?
Pendulum
117
Along with ambient visible light, this is the primary radiation converted into
electrons in night vision goggles. This radiation names a form of spectroscopy that measures a molecule's vibrational transition. This radiation has wavelengths from 700 millimeters to 1 centimeter. Including wavelengths longer than that of visible light, for the point, what is this radiation range?
Infrared light
118
A coil with a spark gap was used to observe this effect by Heinrich Hertz. Robert Millikan verified that this effect's output is related to frequency but not intensity. Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics was for his work on, for the point, what effect in which electrons are emitted under light?
Photoelectric Effect
119
These substances are confined with magnetic fields in a tokamak [[TOH-kah-mak]]. As in electrolyte solutions, the range of a particle's electrostatic effect in this state is given as the Debye [[deh-"BYE"]] length. Nuclear fusion is only possible if matter is in this state. For
the point, name this fourth state of matter, a collection of highly energized gas atoms found in stars.
Plasma
120
Particles that can hypothetically exceed this quantity in a vacuum are known as
tachyons [[TAK-ee-ons]]. Mass energy equivalence is established by a formula that sets energy equal to mass times this quantity squared. Represented as "c" in Einstein's formula "e equals mc squared," for the point, what is this rate at which photons move?
Speed of Light
121
One ofthese phenomenacaused bylateral neural inhibition is named for Ernst Mach
[[MOCK]]. Many of these phenomena originate from a confused figure-ground distinction. The autokinetic effect is one of these phenomena that suggests movement. For the point, name these phenomena, which trick the brain into processing visual data incorrectly.
Optical illusions
122
The transom supports of these devices connect to the sterndrive. These devices are divided into inboard and outboard motor varieties based on the placement of their propeller. These devices can be steered by redirecting fluid with a rudder. For the point, name these vehicles, examples of which include canoes and kayaks.
Boat
123
The Davisson–Germer experiment used scattering and this phenomenon to
demonstrate the wave-particle duality of electrons. An Airy disk is a type of this
phenomenon's patterns caused by a circular aperture. For the point, identify this phenomenon in which a light beam bends after encountering a barrier or opening.
Diffraction
124
Probe varieties of these devices use a piezoelectric [[pee-YEH-zoh-"electric"]]
actuator tip to map out surfaces. Extremely sensitive varieties of these devices include the atomic force and electron tunneling varieties. Samples examined with these devices are
typically placed on a glass slide. For the point, name this lab device that is used to view small things.
Microscope
125
This phenomenon is possible when a liquid's cohesion is greater than its adhesion. This phenomenon is used by water striders to walk on the surface of lakes and ponds. This phenomenon, which gives bubbles their shape, is weakened by surfactants like detergents. For the point, name this force that holds water into droplets.
Surface Tension
126
Permanent magnet varieties of these devices lack field windings. An H-bridge can be used to allow the DC type of these devices to run forward or backward. These devices create torque from a rotor mounted in a stator. For the point, name this type of motor used to power the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model 3.
Electric Motor
127
One theory of the weak force posits that these particles can absorb and release W
bosons, causing color change. These particles, which have negative one-third or positive two-thirds charges, come in six flavors, including top, bottom, and strange. For the point, name these fundamental particles which make up protons and neutrons.
Quark
128
Planck’s constant times frequency finds the energy of these particles. Young's
double-slit experiment showed that these particles can interfere with themselves. The collision of these particles with metals can release electrons as part of a certain "electric" effect. The carrier of the electromagnetic force are, for the point, what massless particles, the quanta of light?
Photon
129
This scientist's namesake equation governs the wave function of a
quantum-mechanical system. This scientist created a thought experiment involving a Geiger counter, a hammer, and poison to illustrate flaws with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. For the point, name this Austrian physicist who is best remembered for theorizing a cat who is both dead and alive.
Erwin Schrödinger
130
In one thought experiment, this scientist imagined a cannon tall enough to fire a
cannonball into orbit. This scientist names the standard SI unit of force, and, coinciding with Leibniz [[LIBE-nitz]]. This author of Principia Mathematica independently developed calculus. For the point, name this English physicist who described the three laws of motion
and a namesake law of universal gravitation
Isaac Newton
131
At the Kamioka Observatory, these particles were discovered to have mass by
Takaaki Kajita [[tah-kah-AH-kee kah-JEE-tah]]. Beta-plus decay releases a positron, a neutron, and one of these one-half spin particles. These particles come in three flavors corresponding to electrons, muons [[MYOO-ons]], and tauons, between which they oscillate. For the point, name these neutrally charged leptons, which are nearly massless.
Neutrinos
132
This force is independent of surface area in Amonton’s [[ah-mohn-TOHNS]] Law.
This force is described by a namesake coefficient, represented with the letter mu [[MYOO]], and comes in dynamic and kinetic varieties. Causing your hands to warm up when you rub them together, for the point, what is this force which resists an object’s motion?
Friction
133
One of these devices allows for reverse flow below the breakdown voltage. A triangle whose point leads into a line is the standard circuit notation for these devices. The simplest kind of these devices is a single p-n junction. For the point, name these devices that only allow current flow in a single direction, which include a notable "light-emitting" variety.
Diode
134
Proposed by Andrei Sakharov, these particles are theorized to decay into a neutral pion [["PIE"-on]] and a positron. These particles can capture an electron through inverse beta decay. These particles make up the nucleus of the protium isotope of hydrogen. For the
point, name this positively charged baryon [[BAY-ree-on]], which forms the nucleus with neutrons.
Proton
135
President Warren G. Harding presented this scientist with one gram of an element
she discovered while on a visit to the White House. This woman died of aplastic
[[AY-"plastic"]] anemia as a result of prolonged exposure to her work with radiation. For the point, name this woman, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields: Chemistry and Physics.
Marie Curie
136
The equation "A" cosine squared of theta plus B cosine of theta plus C is used in this
technique to determine the relation between dihedral torsion angles and the J coupling constant; that equation is the Karplus equation. TMS is used as a reference in this technique which has much larger chemical shifts for its Carbon-13 variant than the proton variant. A medical imaging technique that makes use of this method requires the patient to not have any metal implants due to the use of a giant magnet. For the point, name this technique which makes use of an external magnetic field to make nuclei readings.
nuclear magnetic resonance
137
None of these particles are formed during internal conversion while their emission is
represented by down arrows on Jablonski diagrams. The equation for these bosons gave rise to the De Broglie hypothesis and is equal to Planck's constant over wavelength. These particles are represented by curvy lines on Feynman diagrams. Young's double slit experiment proved the wave nature of these particles. For the point, name this quantum particle that carries the electromagnetic force and mediates visible light.
photon
138
An effect named for this scientist is mathematically expressed as the magnetic flux density, times the path length times Verdet's (vayr-DAY) constant for the material equals the angle of rotation. Maxwell wrote a version of this scientist's law as the curl of electric field equal to the negative partial derivative of the magnetic field with respect to time, where the negative sign was precursored by Lenz's law. This scientist's law describes
how an electromotive force is created by a change in flux. For the point, name this
English scientist who names an electromagnetic law of induction.
Michael Faraday
139
The coherence length and penetration depth parameterize these materials in
Ginzburg-Landau theory. This material is separated by an insulator at a Josephson
junction, which gives rise to the Josephson effect where Cooper pairs are able to tunnel across the barrier. John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer developed the accurate BCS theory of this material. This material expels magnetic fields in the Meissner effect. For the point, name these materials that at low temperatures have no electrical
resistance.
superconductor
140
The separation of primary and secondary components was a major breakthrough in
the Teller-Ulam design of these devices. The two main designs of this device are the gun type that impacts into a subcritical load or the implosion type where the outer shell collapses and compresses the core. Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are radioactive materials used in these devices. For the point, name these explosive devices of war that operate via fission and fusion reactions.
nuclear weapons
141
The compressible pressure coefficient due to movement of this phenomenon can be
calculated using the Prandtl-Glauert transformation which was predicted to reach a singularity at around 340 meters per second. The Newton-Laplace equation can be used to calculate that speed of this phenomenon. The difference in frequency between two waves of this phenomenon can cause beats. An object travelling faster than the speed of this phenomenon surpasses Mach 1 and is "supersonic." For the point, name these wave phenomena that are biologically perceived by ears.
sound waves
142
Early sound detection apparati for submarines made use of either magnetostriction transducers or ultrasonic transducers made with materials that exhibit this effect. The discovery of this effect was first cited in a paper which described it as "Development by compression of polar electricity in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces"; that 1880 paper was written by Pierre and Jacques Curie in their experiments on crystals lacking inversion symmetry which exhibit this effect such as Quartz and Rochelle salts. For the point, name this phenomenon where mechanical stress causes the buildup of electric charge in a material.
piezoelectricity
143
One application of this physical principle involves aligning an ultrasound signal parallel to blood ow in an artery to measure the speed and direction of blood flow. Another application of this principle allows weather radar to accurately determine the speed and direction of storms without having to rely on repeated imaging. For the point, identify this principle also used to determine the expansion of the universe by detecting red shifts in the light from galaxies, a physical principle named for an Austrian scientist.
Doppler effect
144
These objects are subject to the void coefficient of reactivity. Fast neutrons can be produced by fission via these objects. These objects produce energy through a thorium fuel cycle or other methods of radioactive decay. For the point, name these devices that can su er meltdowns that release radiation.
nuclear reactors
145
A cambered airfoil will experience more of this force than a at airfoil, even at lower angles of attack. In some high performance and racing cars, this force is directed downward. This force is often
incorrectly explained as a simple pressure difference cause by Bernoullis [ber noo lees] Principle. For the point, identify this force, one of the four principle forces that operate on aircraft which causes aircraft to accelerate upwards.
lift
146
To prevent excessive energy loss through heat, the current in electrical lines is typically lowered while this quantity across the line is raised. Also defined as electromotive force or electric potential
difference, for the point, identify this quantity which is often about 1.5 in standard metric units for double-A, triple-A, C, and D batteries, but is often about 9 for rectangular prism shaped batteries.
voltage
147
The oldest of these structures still in operation is Quatinah [kah tee nah] Barrage which, around 1300 BC, created Lake Homs in Syria. One type of these is a gravity type in which the force of gravity on this structure acts as a counterbalance to other forces, while those forces can be further balanced by adding an arch design to these structures. For the point, identify these structures, of which the Nurek in Tajikistan is the tallest, the Aswan High has the largest capacity, and among hydroelectric types, the Three Gorges in China produces the most electricity.
dams
148
Charged particles in a vacuum are intercepted by this scientist's namesake cup. An effect named for this scientist describes the polarization of light rays passing through a B-field. A law named for this scientist sets the electromotor force proportional to the negative change in magnetic flux. This scientist names a cage which screens electromagnetic radiation. This assistant to Sir Humphrey Davy names the SI unit of capacitance. For the point, name this English scientist whose study of electromagnetism led him to propose a namesake law of induction.
Michael Faraday
