History of Science

Question 1

This took place in the 16th and 17th centuries and was led by figures such as Francis Bacon, who employed the Scientific Method as a way to formally study nature, and by physicists such as Isaac Newton and Galileo.

Answer 1

Scientific Revolution

Question 2

Italian-American physicist who created the Chicago Pile-1, the world’s first nuclear reactor

Answer 2

Enrico Fermi

Question 3

This scientist determined pi by approximating the value as being greater than 223/71 and less than 22/7.

Answer 3

Archimedes

Question 4

This German astrophysicist who published The Rudolphine Tables, which was a star catalog based on observational data by Tycho Brahe. He also formulated three laws for planetary motion.

Answer 4

Johannes Kepler

Question 5

An agricultural scientist who developed the 300 uses for peanuts.

Answer 5

George Washington Carver

Question 6

A chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose photographs made significant contributions to the understanding of the double-helix structure of the DNA

Answer 6

Rosalind Franklin

Question 7

His publication of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is believed to be the catalyst of the Science Revolution

Answer 7

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 8

Which scientists is best known for the development of the telegraph?

Answer 8

Samuel Morse

Question 9

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a 17th century Dutch scientist known for his contributions to which field?

Answer 9

Microbiology

Question 10

Which scientist helped Watson and Crick to describe the DNA molecule, which is vital to understanding cellular biology?

Answer 10

Rosalind Franklin

Question 11

Jacques Cousteau is best known for his research in what field?

Answer 11

Oceanography

Question 12

What was the most famous publication written by Charles Darwin?

Answer 12

On the Origin of Species

Question 13

Hippocrates and Galen were ancient scientists best known for studying what?

Answer 13

Medicine

Question 14

“Oh the humanity!” was famously cried by a radio announcer during a disaster that was caused by what?

Answer 14

The use of flammable hydrogen gas in the airship

Question 15

This scientist is famous for discovering calculus together with his German contemporary Gottfried Leibniz

Answer 15

Isaac Newton

Question 16

A paper by this scientist proposed a new calculation for mean squared displacement of particles. That paper on Brownian motion and another on mass-energy equivalence were half of this man’s 1905 “Annus Mirabilis.” For the point, name this scientist who, in that same
year, published explanations of the photoelectric effect and special relativity.

Answer 16

Albert Einstein

Question 17

One of these devices was codenamed D1, and was deployed at Flers-Courcelette
[[FLEHRS CORE-suh-lett]] in France. The Soviet T-34 type of these devices was first deployed against the invading Germans in World War Two. The Battle of El Alamein debuted of one of these devices with a fully rotating gun turret. The M4 Sherman was one type of, for the point, what heavily armored military vehicles?

Answer 17

Tank

Question 18

This man invented a mercury-fulminate-based blasting cap to reduce the need for
fuses. This owner of the arms manufacturer Bofors developed the use of nitroglycerin as an active ingredient in explosives. For the point, name this Swedish chemist and inventor of
dynamite who lends his name to annual prizes awarded for literature, peace, and science.

Answer 18

Alfred Bernhard Nobel

Question 19

William Jenney constructed some of these things using the “Chicago skeleton”
method, employing curtain walls over a steel frame. Early examples of these places include one named for Equitable Life in New York and Louis Sullivan’s example named for Ellis Wainwright in St. Louis. The invention of the safety elevator enabled an 1890s boom in, for the point, what very tall office buildings?

Answer 19

Skyscraper

Question 20

According to legend, this thinker built a robot copy of his daughter Francine after
she died of scarlet fever. Along with Snell, this thinker lends his name to the law of
refraction. This thinker founded analytic geometry by combining algebra with coordinate planes. This man lends his name to the most common two-dimensional coordinate system.
For the point, name this early modern French philosopher and mathematician, who stated “I think therefore I am.”

Answer 20

Descartes

Question 21

Two scientists with this surname learned that compressing quartz leads to an
electric potential, discovering piezoelectricity. Work from those studies was used by a physicist with this surname to study the properties of uranium in pitchblende. Henri Becquerel and two people with this surname shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. For the point, give the last name of a physicist who won two Nobel Prizes for researching radioactivity and discovering Radium and Polonium.

Answer 21

Curie

Question 22

This man invented the phonograph and an early projector known as the kinetoscope. This man controversially organized the killing of the elephant Topsy. This rival of George Westinghouse once employed Nikola Tesla at his Machine Works company. This Wizard of Menlo Park found a practical use for carbon lament that would later be replaced with tungsten. For the point, name this American inventor of the lightbulb.

Answer 22

Thomas Edison

Question 23

Two linear partial differential equations named for this device describe the change in voltage and current during transmission. Charles Wheatstone and W.F. Cooke created an early version of the
needle system for this device. The single-wire version of this device was invented by Samuel Morse. For the point, name this early form of long-distance transmission of messages whose name is Greek for “far off
writing”

Answer 23

telegraph

Question 24

Using only a heat source, one type of this device without movable parts was invented by Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein. This device uses a vapor compression cycle that runs through condensing, evaporating, and compressing phases. Working fluids that helped expand the use of these devices include chlorofluorocarbons like Freon. The icebox was replaced by, for the point, what household appliance that
keeps food cold?

Answer 24

Refrigerator

Question 25

In 1883, John Augustus Roebling designed one of these structures as a cable-stay hybrid to provide extra support to the deck. The suspended span is supported by anchor arms in the balanced cantilever variety of these structures. Akashi Kaikyo is the longest suspension variety of these structures. For the point, name these structures that include the international orange painted Golden Gate one in San Francisco.

Answer 25

Bridge

Question 26

This U.S. state is home to the Hale Telescope, which was the world's largest when it was constructed at this state's Palomar Observatory. Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at a university in this state that won a Nobel Prize for discovering plutonium and uranium under Glenn Seaborg. For the point, identify this U.S. state where Berkelium and a namesake element were discovered.

Answer 26

California

Question 27

This person recorded their best known achievement in the journal 20 Hrs., 40 Min.. This person is the namesake of the scholarship fund awarded by a women's organization known as the Ninety-Nines. This person was last seen traveling from New Guinea with navigator Fred Noonan. For the point, name this female aviator who disappeared in 1937.

Answer 27

Amelia Earhart

Question 28

One of these structures was subject to a stress test at its opening by a team of elephants led by P.T. Barnum. A poorly designed one of these structures nicknamed Galloping Gertie collapsed due to failure caused by resonance. Cantilever and suspension, are types of, for the point, what structures that Roman engineers designed to span the Danube and Tiber Rivers?

Answer 28

Bridge

Question 29

This company's TDI technology creates more power while disbursing less fuel and producing fewer emissions. This company lost half its board after the CARB denied a proposed fix for vehicles with 2.0 liter engines. CEO Mark Winterkorn resigned from this company after certain vehicles produced 40 times more nitrogen oxide than during (*) emissions testing. For the points, name this German car company that produced the Beetle.

Answer 29

Volkswagen

Question 30

This man ran a museum in Monaco that is blamed for releasing the invasive species Caulerpa taxifolia [[kuh-LUR-puh TAX-ih-FOH-lee-uh]]. Loël (+) Guinness leased this man a vessel with a "false nose" that sank in Singapore in 1996, the year before his death. This man, who often wore a red cap, is featured in the documentary The Silent World. The Calypso was the research ship used by, for the points, what French oceanographer who co-invented a breathing device called the Aqua-lung?

Answer 30

Jacques Cousteau

Question 31

This man listed 800 medical substances and outlined methods of "Special Pathology" in a book that summarized Galen's work titled The Canon of Medicine. A book by this man, which introduced the "floating man" theory, incorporates early psychology and chemistry to cure the ignorance of the soul, titled The Book of Healing. For the points, name this 11th-century Persian Islamic Golden Age polymath.

Answer 31

Avicenna (also accept Ibn Sina)

Question 32

This Loss of Coolant Accident was rated a level seven on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event scale, and was triggered by an earthquake. This nuclear disaster released roughly ten times less radiation than the accident at Chernobyl and resulted in a full closure of an island facility. For the points, name this 2011 nuclear reactor accident that took place in Japan after the Tōhoku tsunami and earthquake.

Answer 32

Fukushima Daiichi accident

Question 33

Tube framing superseded the steel frame design of these structures, which were pioneered by Fazlur Rahman Khan. These structures often make use of sky lobbies to expand service core via elevators. For the point, name these towering buildings that include the Burj Khalifa.

Answer 33

Skyscraper

Question 34

An early mathematics textbook from this country that discussed bounding fields and proportions is titled The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The first seismometers were developed in this country, as well as the first compasses made of lodestone. Early blast furnaces were developed in this country by Du Shi. For the point, name this country, which produced many technological developments during the Han Dynasty.

Answer 34

China

Question 35

Heinrich Gerber is best known for a component used to make these structures, which he invented. One type of these structures can be built using cantilevers and hinges. Elementary forced resonance is given as the reason for why two of these structures named for Tacoma Narrows collapsed in 1940. For the point, name these structures built over bodies of water, famous ones of which include London and Golden Gate.

Answer 35

Bridge

Question 36

Napoleonic-era surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey mandated that ships use this substance to sterilize when they did not have access to alcohol. The first known ingredients list for this substance can be found in the Wujing Zongyao [[WOO-JING ZONG-YOW]] of the Song Dynasty, and this substance was used to light fireworks prior to its military application. For the point, name this substance used to propel bullets in early firearms.

Answer 36

Gunpowder

Question 37

Some of these objects are engineered at the Renton and Everett factories, where parts like the fuselage and stabilizer are fused together with bolts. Bernoulli's principle explains how lift is generated when air passes over a certain part of these objects. It's not a helicopter, but for the point, name these class of vehicles that can fly, examples of which include the Airbus A380 and Boeing 787.

Answer 37

airplanes

Question 38

This thinker was the first to note the color-changing camouflage of octopuses. In On the Heavenly Spheres, this thinker claimed that the stars were suspended in an imperishable aether [[AY-ther]]. This thinker posited the prime mover in his Physics. The Nichomachean [[nih-koh-mah-KEE-an]] Ethics were written by, for the point, what Greek philosopher who tutored Alexander the Great?

Answer 38

Aristotle

Question 39

These periods involve paradigm shifts as described in Thomas Kuhn’s [[KYOONS]] The Structure of [this sort of period]. Along with the Renaissance, one of these periods is held to have not been a radical break from the Middle Ages in the "continuity thesis." The publication of Copernicus's theories is considered the beginning of one of, for the point, what type of social era, which included the development of modern biology and chemistry?

Answer 39

Scientific Revolution

Question 40

In his book How to Live Longer and Feel Better, this scientist advocated taking megadoses of vitamin C to prevent the common cold. This scientist outlined the modern understanding of an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in his book The Nature of the Chemical Bond. The Nobel Prize in Peace and Chemistry were given to, for the point, what American scientist

Answer 40

Linus Pauling

Question 41

Scientists from this country include the author of Systema Naturae [[NAH-tyoo-ray]]. A village in this country is the namesake of four chemical elements, (+) including Ytterbium [[ee-TER-bee-um]]. The home country of Svante Arrhenius [[SVAHN-teh ah-REE-nee-us]] and Arvid Carlsson, (*) for the point, what is this country in which the presentation ceremonies of all three science Nobel Prizes are held?

Answer 41

Sweden

Question 42

This scientist controversially refused to give her subjects numbers, instead opting for names like "Goliath." This scientist observed one animal population using twigs and grass to "fish" for termites. (+) This scientist observed a nonhuman "war" between the Kasakela and Kahama communities of Gombe [[GOHM-beh]] National Park. Best known for studying Tanzanian (*) chimpanzees, for the point, who is this English anthropologist and primatologist?

Answer 42

Jane Goodall

Question 43

Since 2019, Huawei [[HWAH-WAY]] has been banned from implementing this technology in the U.S. due to espionage claims. Protestors in the UK who believed this technology was responsible for Covid-19 set fire to cell towers. The Samsung Galaxy S20 was the first smartphone compatible with this technology. For the point, name this latest broadband cellular standard.

Answer 43

5G

Question 44

During the Crimean War, this English scientist broke Vigenère's [[veezh-NEHRS]] autokey cipher. Ada Lovelace developed punch cards for a proposed invention made by this scientist. The Science Museum in London created a replica of the difference engine based on the notes of, for the point, what British mathematician and early computer scientist, the inventor of the analytical engine?

Answer 44

Charles Babbage

Question 45

Originally used to remove water from mines in the 18th century, Thomas Newcomen created a version of this technology capable of giving continuous power through the use of pistons. This technology was proliferated by James Watt and is frequently held to have kicked off the industrial revolution by powering factories and trains. For the point, name this technology, a type of engine powered by boiling water

Answer 45

Steam Engine

Question 46

While in Sweden, this man published his work Passions of the Soul. This so-called "father of analytical geometry" lends his name to the "coordinate system." This man's Meditations on First Philosophy contains the saying "cogito ergo sum" [[KOH-gee-toh EHR-goh SOOM]], or "I think, therefore I am." For the point, name this French mathematician and philosopher.

Answer 46

Descartes

Question 47

With Maurice Koechlin [[KEH-klin]], this engineer built the Garabit [[gah-rah-BEE]] Viaduct, and he built the interior pylons for the Statue of Liberty. One of this engineer's projects, which at the time was the world's tallest manmade structure, relied on an exponential shape and latticework to withstand high wind speeds. For the point, name this French civil engineer, who names a triangular tower in Paris.

Answer 47

Gustave Eiffel or Eiffel