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Nursing 104 > Chemistry 2B > Flashcards

Chemistry 2B Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Trace minerals

A

The smallest substances in body

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2
Q

Iron

A

Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine and Fluoride have low levels in New Zealand soils

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3
Q

Low levels

A

Low levels of these trace elements are
associated with physical conditions & affect
metabolism

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4
Q

Requirements

A

Requirements for health are in a
narrow range, overdoses can cause harm

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5
Q

Safety concern

A

There are a number of safety concerns
with respect to supplements and overdosing

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6
Q

Gene and gene varients

A

Genes and gene variants can affect their absorption

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7
Q

Identifying

A

Identifying trace element deficiency or toxicity can improve nursing care of people with trace element associated conditions

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8
Q

Iron key factors

A

Iron has a key role in metabolism for all animals

Most abundant mineral, but most insoluable form

effectively absorbed in small intestine (duodenum)

Healthy people absorb 5-10% from dietry iron

deficient absorb 10-20%

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9
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

2-5 billion people in the world

impaired temperature regulation

impaired psychomotor (development & intellectual performance, memory and learning)

changes to behaviour

increased risk to lead poisoning, as iron deficient absorb more lead

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10
Q

Iron in body

A

Central atom of the haeme group (in haemoglobin) the active site of
oxygen uptake on the red blood cell

2 forms: ferritin and haemosiderin

transported through transferrin

proteins containin haem are numberous iron metalloenzymes

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11
Q

Iron tests

A

Serum iron - measures the amount of iron in your blood.

Serum ferritin - measures how much iron is stored in your body. When your iron level is low, your body will pull iron out of “storage” to use.

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Measures how much transferrin is free to carry iron in your blood. If your TIBC level is high, it means you have low iron.

Unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) - measures how much transferrin isn’t attached to iron.

Transferrin saturation - measures the percentage of transferrin that is attached to iron.

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12
Q

Serum iron

A

Measures the amount of iron in your blood.

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13
Q

Serum ferritin

A

Measures how much iron is stored in your body. When your iron level is low, your body will pull iron out of “storage” to use.

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14
Q

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)

A

Measures how much transferrin is free to carry iron in your blood. If your TIBC level is high, it means you have low iron.

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15
Q

Unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC)

A

measures how much transferrin isn’t attached to iron.

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16
Q

Transferrin saturation

A

measures the percentage of transferrin that is attached to iron.

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17
Q

Roles of Iron

A

RBC (70% iron) to form haemoglobin

haemoglobin O2 –> body tissues –> CO2 –> back to lungs

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18
Q

Iron

A

muscles (myoglobin cells) iron provides O2 for activity

chemical reactions (6%)

levels of iron tightly regulated

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19
Q

Daily requirements of iron

A

18mg/day for women 19-50 yo

other adults 8mg/day

male has 1000mg of stored iron

women has 300mg of stored iron

excess iron is toxic

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20
Q

Zinc

A

An element in many enzymes (more than 300 across species)

Helps maintain structural integrity of proteins (8% of genome)

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21
Q

Sources of iron

A

animal/fish, plant sources

milk and dairy products ARE POOR sources of iron

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22
Q

Zinc

A

Regulates gene expression, reduces tumour growth

Regulates cell signalling pathways

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23
Q

Zinc

A

Abundant in the nervous system, 86% in muscle and bone

Low in NZ soils

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24
Q

Daily requirement of Zinc

Study These Flashcards
A

men: 14mg/day
women: 8mg/day

25
Absorption of zinc
Food sources easily extracted in the acidic conditions of the stomach * Meat, liver, eggs and seafood are good sources; lentils & nuts * High phytate content of diet (bran) blunts Zn absorption significantly
26
Zinc
Fermentation of leavened bread and porridges reduces the phytate content and improves zinc absorption * Zinc absorption is maximum when taken by itself in an aqueous solution in a fasting state * The gastrointestinal tract maintains homeostasis of whole body zinc content
27
Zinc absorption site
small intestine (jejunum)
28
Zinc deficiency leads to
Growth retardation * Delayed puberty * Poor appetite, impaired taste, appetite and food intake
29
Zinc deficiency leads to
* Diarrhoea, intestinal inflammation * Hypogonadism * Alopecia (hair loss)
30
Zinc deficiency leads to
* Skin lesions, glossitis, nail malformation * Immune dysfunction and susceptibility to infection * Behaviour disturbance
31
Zinc deficiency leads to
* Delayed wound healing of wounds, burns decubitus ulcers * Photophobia, night blindness
32
safety issues with zinc supplements
Copper deficiency * Low serum HDL levels (high density lipoproteins = HDL - the ‘good cholesterol’) * Gastric distress, dizziness and nausea
33
safety issues with zinc supplements
* Depressed immune function * Implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (excess use of denture cream)
34
safe dose of zinc
<50mg/day
35
Selenium
* Is an antioxidant i. e. inhibits the oxidation of other molecules (Oxidation leads to reactions that may damage cells) * A catalyst – that is important for production of thyroid hormone
36
Selenium
* Important to the immune system * May inhibit HIV progression to AIDS * May reduce the risk of miscarriage
37
Selenium
* Low selenium levels in NZ men associated with prostate cancer * Selenium in NZ soils is low
38
Metabolism of selenium
There are two main forms of selenium ingested. * These are the amino acids: selenomethionine and selenocysteine * Homeostatic mechanisms regulate the selenium in the cell
39
Metabolism of selenium
* This homeostatic mechanism can be seen operating when the intake of selenium increases, as once it reaches the adequate level, the rate of its excretion increases * The amount of selenium absorbed varies from 50-100% depending on nutrients in the diet and intestinal factors
40
Daily requirement of selenium
NZ recommendation for adult males: 70μg/day (About one Brazil nut) For adult women: 60μg/day
41
Selenium in NZ
Traditionally children and adults in New Zealand have had very low intakes of selenium <30 μg/day although this is improving (2009, selenium intake in NZ males over 25 were 78μg/day - NZ Total Diet Survey) * Linked to the low selenium content of NZ soils * Main animal sources are poultry, eggs, seafood and meat
42
Selenium Deficiency
Deficiency diseases in livestock Increased viral infections Male infertility Depression or/and anxiety
43
Safety Issues with selenium supplements:
Safety Issues with selenium supplements: Selenium intake of 400μg/day or above is toxic (too many Brazil nuts) Toxicity symptoms include: * garlic breath * hair loss * brittle nails * gastrointestinal symptoms * skin rash * fatigue and irritability
44
Iodine
essential nutrients for humans small amounts It is an important constituent of thyroid hormones
45
Iodine pathways
The thyroid glands are: * Responsible for regulating the metabolism * Produce thyroid hormones * Two known as T3 and T4
46
Iodine pathways
* These are partially composed of iodine * A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3and T4, * This enlarges the thyroid gland * i. e. simple goitre (goiter)
47
Daily requirement of iodine
NZ Adult men and women: 150 μg/day
48
Dietary sources of iodine
- Seafood (fish, shellfish and seaweed) - Commercially prepared bread - Iodised salt - Milk and egg
49
Factors that Influence the Availability of Iodine
The iodine content of NZ soils is low, so local vegetables, fruits and grains generally low * Animal feed iodine/drenches content will reflect levels in meat, chicken, eggs and dairy
50
Factors that Influence the Availability of Iodine (II)
* Currently it is difficult to obtain adequate iodine from a normal diet, which is why commercially prepared bread must now have iodine added to it * Requirements for iodine increase during pregnancy and breastfeeding
51
Safety Issues with Iodine supplements in pregnancy and breastfeeding:
Ministry of Health recommends: * Take a daily recommended iodine tablet (150 mcg of iodine)* Taken from when first pregnant until breastfeeding stops Other multi-vitamin and/or mineral supplements should only be taken in consultation with your lead maternity-carer
52
Safety Issues with Iodine supplements in pregnancy and breastfeeding: (II)
Very high intakes (in excess of the established upper level of intake) of iodine may inhibit thyroid hormone production.
53
Genes affected by Iodine Intake
Two genes in particular – PDE8B and DIO2 influenced by iodine intake. * The PDE8B gene encodes the protein phosphodiesterase 8B, abundant in the thyroid.
54
Genes affected by Iodine Intake
* About 65% carry the A allele of SNP rs4704397 in this gene  increases risk for hypothyroidism. * The DIO2 gene encodes the enzyme deiodinase type 2, which is responsible for the conversion between thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
55
Genes affected by Iodine Intake
* The T allele of the SNP rs225012 is found in 42% of the general population and in 24% of Asians Associated with increased risk for mental retardation in iodine-deficient areas
56
Fluorine range water
NZ recommended level for fluoridating drinking water is 0.7–1.0 mg/L
57
Fluoride
No more than 4mg per day
58
Safety Issues with Excess Fluoride
Excessive exposure to high naturally occurring levels of fluoride in drinking- water, or * Excess exposure to fluoride from other sources, (includes fluoride tablets, swallowing toothpaste) * Adverse effects: 1. Mild to severe dental fluorosis (staining or pitting of the teeth) 2. Skeletal fluorosis -the accumulation of fluoride in the bone as period of exposure increases 3. Non-skeletal fluorosis (the soft tissues and organs) e. g. renal, gonadal, endothelial and neurological Signs and symptoms: Pain in stomach, loss of appetite, polyuria/polydipsia, muscle weakness, constipation followed by diarrhea
59

Nursing 104 (9 decks)

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