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Clinical Chemistry > Chemistry Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Which of the following acute-phase reactant proteins decreases during inflammation?
Transferrin
α1-Antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen

A

Transferrin

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2
Q

Which of the following refers to the three-dimensional spatial configuration of a single
polypeptide chain determined by disulfide linkages, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic
attractions, and van der Waals forces?
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

A

Tertiary structure

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3
Q

Which of the following plasma proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining in vivo
colloidal osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Hemoglobin
Fibrinogen
α2-Macroglobulin

A

albumin

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4
Q

Peptide bond is:
An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon
A double carbon bond between the alpha-carbons of two amino acids
An amino group bonded to a carboxyl group of another amino acid
Two carboxyl groups bonded to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid

A

An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon

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5
Q

Which of the following results would correlate best with malnutrition and a poor
protein–caloric status?
Decreased prealbumin
Decreased γ-globulins
Elevated ceruloplasmin
Elevated α1-fetoprotein

A

Decreased prealbumin

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6
Q

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with a normal level of
myoglobin?
Multiple myeloma
Acute myocardial infarction
Acute renal failure
Skeletal muscle injury

A

Multiple myeloma

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7
Q

An immunofixation protein electrophoresis is performed on serum from a patient with
the most common type of multiple myeloma. The resulting pattern would most likely
reveal which of the following?
An IgG monoclonal band
Oligoclonal bands
Significant β–γ bridging
An IgM monoclonal band

A

An IgG monoclonal band

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8
Q

Which of the following would indicate a plasma specimen was used for protein
electrophoresis instead of serum?
A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins
A broad increase in the γ-globulin fraction
A bridge between the α1- and α2-globulins
A significantly decreased albumin peak

A

A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins

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9
Q

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with an elevated serum total
protein with high levels of both albumin and globulins?
Myocardial infarction
Dehydration
Glomerulonephritis
Liver cirrhosis

A

Dehydration

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10
Q

Which of the following urine total protein results would correlate best with a patient with
nephrotic syndrome?
Higher than normal
Normal
Lower than normal
Similar to levels in CSF total protein levels

A

Higher than normal

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11
Q

This type of protein group is symmetric and soluble in saline

A

Globular

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12
Q

what BUN/CREAT ratio is associated with post renal azotemia

A

10-20:1

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13
Q

This protein protects elastin in the lungs by inhibiting neutrophil elastase

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

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14
Q

Which enzyme is found mostly in the intracellular fluid, specifically the cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

AST

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15
Q

what enzyme is present in human saliva

A

S amylase

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16
Q

For a technologist to successfully determine enzyme activity, which aspect of enzyme kinetics has to be overcome to determine activity

A

1st order

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17
Q

which liver enzyme has the greatest specificity for damaged liver tissue

A

ALT

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18
Q

An energy source utilized by muscles

A

Creatine phosphate

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19
Q

Protein haves >40% carbohydrates attached

A

Mucoproteins

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20
Q

Negative acute phase reactant that transports and stores iron

A

transferin

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21
Q

Visible light at 700nm appears as the color

A

red

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22
Q

the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversly proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light

A

beers law

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23
Q

The major excretory product of protein metabolism/catabolism

A

Urea

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24
Q

Main protein constituent contributing to oncotic pressure

A

albumin

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25
Urea is formed to neutralize the toxic effect of what waste product
ammonia
26
type of proteins have 10-40% carbohydrate attached
Glycoproteins
27
what enzyme is the most specific for acute pancreatitis
Lipase
28
What BUN/CREAT ratio is associated with prerenal azotemia
>20:1
29
what liver maker is the most sensitive for alcoholism
GGT
30
If the object is to measure enzyme activity, where on the initial velocity vs substrate concentration plot should the substrate concentration be fixed at
zero order phase
31
visible light at 400nm appears as the color
violet
32
A transporter protein for T3, T4, and Vitamin A
Prealbumin
33
This is the product of the breakdown of purine bases
uric acid
34
This type of protein group is asymmetric and water insoluble
Fibrous
35
This type of analytical method measures scattered light by placing a detector at a 90*angle
nephelometry
36
this kidney biomarker is not affected by diet
Creatinine
37
the most common secondary structure of a protein is
alpha helix
38
enzyme historically used to assess prostate health before being replaced by PSA
Acid phosphate
39
In stomach, what breaks down proteins into peptides
pepsin
40
measurable range
linear range
41
this type of analytical method is prone to needing more frequent calibration due to background signals
chemiluminescence
42
this is caused by a deficiency in both protein and overall calories
marasmus
43
Nitrogen containing compounds are not proteins or polypeptides
True
44
Which one of the following is not an NPN substance? Allantoin Ammonia Creatinine Urea
ammonia
45
Which compound constitutes nearly half of the NPN substances in the blood? Ammonia Creatine Urea Uric acid
Urea
46
Which blood collection tube additive can be used to collect a specimen for measurement of urea? Ammonium Lithium heparin Sodium citrate Sodium fluoride
lithium heparin
47
Prerenal azotemia is caused by Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure Congestive heart failure Urinary tract obstruction
congestive heart failure
48
Which condition is not associated with elevated plasma uric acid concentration? Allopurinol overtreatment Gout Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Renal disease
allopurinol overtreatment
49
Uric acid nephrolithiasis refers to Acidification of the urine to dissolve renal calculi Formation of renal calculi composed of uric acid Precipitation of urates in the urinary tract Saturation of the kidney with uric acid
Formation of renal calculi composed of uric acid
50
Creatinine excretion typically Decreases from childhood to middle age Does not vary with age and sex Is higher for females than for males Is highest for adult men aged 18 to 50 year
Is highest for adult men aged 18 to 50 year
51
When a reaction is performed in zero-order kinetics The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration The substrate concentration is very low The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration The enzyme level is always high
The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration
52
Activation energy is Decreased by enzymes The energy needed for an enzyme reaction to stop Increased by enzymes Very high in catalyzed reactions
Decreased by enzymes
53
Enzyme reaction rates are increased by increasing temperatures until they reach the point of denaturation at 40–60°C 25–35°C 100°C 37°C
40–60°C
54
Activity of enzymes in serum may be determined rather than concentration because The amount of enzyme is too high to measure The amount of enzyme is too low to measure The temperature is too high There is not enough substrate
The amount of enzyme is too low to measure
55
Which of the following preanalytical errors most commonly causes false increases in serum enzyme measurements? The patient was not fasting prior to blood draw. The blood sample was not maintained on ice upon collection and during transport to the laboratory. The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hour. The patient smoked three cigarettes just prior to blood collection. The blood sample was not protected from light upon collection and during transport to the laboratory
The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hour
56
Enzymes that exist in multiple forms that are molecularly different but can act on the same substrate are termed:
isoenzymes
57
ALP levels may be increased in
liver or bone disease
58
The protein part of the enzyme molecule with the cofactor is
holoenzyme
59
Non-protein substances that are essential for enzyme activity and must bind to the enzyme before reactions take place
Cofactors
60
organic substances loosely bound to proteins that are required for enzyme function, participate in the reaction but are not substrates for the enzyme
Coenzymes
61
An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme
zymogen
62
Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Gout Congestive heart failure Fanconi Syndrome
fanconi syndrome
63
Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians? Urea Creatinine Uric acid Ammonia
creatinine
64
What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate? Decreased enzyme catabolism Accelerated enzyme production Tissue damage and necrosis Increased glomerular filtration rat
Tissue damage and necrosis
65
The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics: Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.
True
66
These type of inhibitors may allow substrate binding but will inhibit the formation of product by demonstrating allosteric inhibition. Competitive inhibitors Non-competitive inhibitors Uncompetitive inhibitors All inhibitors do this
Non-competitive inhibitors
67
Measurement of the amount of light that can pass through a sample at a 180° angle from the incident light Made with a spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of particulate matter in a sample
turbidimetry
68
Used to measure concentration by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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