II EXAM 1 Flashcards by Ngoc Nguyen

A common way to see the cellular structure of a thyroid nodule is with:

Fine needle aspirate

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The first test performed to assess thyroid function.

TSH

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If the TSH is decreased and T4/FT4 is increased it would indicate what?

Hyperthyroidism

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Positive thyroid peroxidase antibody and increased TSH could indicate what disease state?

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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This is the major carrier of thyroid hormones.

TBG

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Where is the adrenal gland located?

Top of kidney

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What area of the adrenal cortex is responsible for androgens and sex hormones?

Zona reticularis

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Produces steroid hormones
Outer portion
3 layers

Adrenal Cortex

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Produces amine hormones
Inner portion

Adrenal Medulla

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area of adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids
Major hormone– aldosterone

Zona glomerulosa

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area of adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids and cortisol?

Zona fasciculata

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Steroid hormone that regulate salt balance

Mineralocorticoids

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Steroid hormone that assist with carbohydrate metabolism

Glucocorticoids

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What is the originating tissue of cortisol?

Adrenal cortex

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Mineralocorticoid produced in the G- zone
Controls the amount of fluid in the body
increase salt and water conservation

Aldosterone

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Hyperaldosteronism
Aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma—Conn syndrome

Adrenal disease

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Hyperaldosteronism
Excess production of renin
Malignant hypertension
Renin-secreting renal tumor

Renin-angiotensin system disorder

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atrophy of adrenal glands with depressed production of aldosterone and the glucocorticoids
decrease cortisol and increase ACTH and CRH

Hypoaldosteronism
Addison/s disease

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Pigmentation of the skin
Muscle weakness
Weight loss
Decreased BP
Nausea
diarrhea

Hypoadrenalism

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Released from the adrenal cortex, raises blood glucose levels, and raises blood pressure, but can also cause immunosuppression. It is a long-lived and slow-response hormone.

cortisol

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Results from cortisol excess regardless of cause

Primary hypercortisolism
Cushing syndrome

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results from pituitary ACTH excess, which stimulates excess cortisol production
Excessive production of ACTH due to pituitary tumor

Secondary hypercortisolism
Cushing disease

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Converts glycogen to glucose—allows voluntary muscles to have greater work output
Released from the adrenal medulla to help sympathetic fight/flight responses. It is
a short-lived and fast-response hormone.

Epinephrine

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Neurotransmitter affecting vascular smooth muscle and heart
Released primarily by the postganglionic sympathetic nerve

Norepinephrine

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Neurotransmitter in the brain affecting the vascular system

Dopamine

Tumor of the adrenal medulla, usually benign Increased levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pheochromocytoma

Malignant tumor of the adrenal medulla that occurs in children Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine along with dopamine

Neuroblastoma

an adrenal mass > 1 cm, which is discovered on imaging performed to evaluate a nonadrenal pathology.

Adrenal Incidentaloma

What three glands secrete testosterone?

Testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands

What hormone stimulates production of testosterone?

What hormone is secreted by the placenta to maintain the uterus?

Progesterone

caused by an enzyme defect of 21-hydroxylase Prevents cortisol production

CAH

Secreted by ovarian follicles and by the placenta(during pregnancy)

estrogen

ovarian tumor, hypothalamic tumor, adrenal tumors (rare); may be difficult to determine

Precocious puberty

polycystic ovaries, estrogen-producing ovarian tumors, disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary

Infertility and irregular menses:

cervical or endometrial carcinoma, estrogen-producing ovarian tumors, exogenous estrogen consumption

Postmenopausal bleeding

Prevents menstrual cycle from occuring

Hyperprogesteronemia

What disorder is often associated with infertility and hirsutism?

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

This is a genetic defect in females that has a partial or complete loss of one of the X chromosomes.

turner syndrome

Are conjugated proteins bound to carbohydrates Solubility and half life similar to protein hormones

Glycoprotein

What tissue does TRH act on?

Pituitary

What is the originating tissue of ACTH?

Anterior pituitary gland

Two predominant organs for eliminating hormones

Kidney and liver

hormone eliminated by inactivating metabolic pathways and excretion in urine or bile

steroid hormone

hormones inactivated by intracellular deiodinases

thyroid

substances rapidly degraded within the blood circulation

Catecholamines

which arises from the diencephalon, is responsible for the storage and release of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP

Posterior pituitary

prolactin secreting cells

Lactotrophs

growth hormone (GH) secreting cells

Somatotrophs

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting cells

Thyrotrophs

adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secreting cells

Corticotrophs

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreting cells

Gonadotrophs

pituitary hormones that their actions are specific for another endocrine gland

tropic

pituitary hormones act directly on peripheral tissue.

direct effectors

What test is preferred for assessing growth hormone?

IGF-1

Structurally related to GH and human placental lactogen. Considered a stress hormone, it has vital functions in relationship to reproduction. Dopamine is the only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits them

prolactin

Usually seen in women who have been pregnant several times and has no pathological implication. Lactation occurring in women with normal prolactin levels is defined

Idiopathic Galactorrhea

Complete loss of function of hypopituitarism is called:

Panhypopituitarism

consequence of vasopressin deficiency or resistance

Diabetes insipidus

In a pregnancy with Down's syndrome, the hCG levels are how much higher typically?

False negatives can be seen in immunoassays methodologies due to what?

hook effect

What hormone can be decreased during pregnancy due to structural similarities to hCG?

TSH

Pregnancy causes changes in respiration with a ___ in pO2 and ____ in pCO2.

pO2 increase pCO2 decrease

cluster of 50-60 cells with a cavity to form the yolk sac—goal of implantation into uterine wall, approx. 5 days past fertilization

Blastocyst

create organs by embryo, takes 10 weeks

Organogenesis

what system activate during pregnancy—underfilling of arteries and release of relaxin Hypothalamus releases AVP/ADH from posterior pituitary

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

what hormone responsible for increase in plasma volume

Aldosterone secreted by adrenal glands to retain Na

Normal to have a mild, fully compensated respiratory alkalosis during pregnancy

true

Trig nad LHL level inc/decre during pregnancy

increase

hCG double very 24h until_____week of pregnancy and decrease at__________week and until______week then stable

8 10 16

what can cause false positive for pregnancy point of care test

Medications: aspirin, carbamazepine, methadone Sitting too long, untrained eye

Produced by embryonic yolk sac first , then parenchymal cells in the fetal liver Rise at end of first trimester and then fall after 32 weeks during preg

α-Fetoprotein (AFP)

When MS-AFP higher than expected and ultrasounds don’t provide an answer what test to use

amniotic fluid testing

MoM for open spina bifida

MoM for anencephaly is

Fluids available for amniotic fluid testing

serum, urine, amniotic fluid

Triple screen test includes Quad includes

AFP, hCG, uE3 Quad has inhibin A

Cholinergic enzyme found in neuromuscular junctions in the muscle and nerves, preg

Acetylcholinesterase

Large glycoprotein produced in the placenta Valuable 1st trimester screening test

PAPP-A

Extra copy of the long arm region q22.1 to q22.3 of chromosome 21 results in mental deficiency, hypotonia, congenital heart defects, and a flat facial profile.

down syndrome

Occurs when the fetus receives an extra copy of chromosome 18

trisomy 18 (edward)

2 layers of thyroid gland

Follicular and Parafollicular

thyroid cells secrete calcitonin—involved in calcium regulation

Parafollicular

chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

a drug used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, is a fat-soluble drug with a long half-life (50 days) that interferes with normal thyroid function

amiodarone

II EXAM 1 Flashcards

(86 cards)