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Clinical Chemistry > II EXAM 1 > Flashcards

II EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A common way to see the cellular structure of a thyroid nodule is with:

A

Fine needle aspirate

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2
Q

The first test performed to assess thyroid function.

A

TSH

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3
Q

If the TSH is decreased and T4/FT4 is increased it would indicate what?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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4
Q

Positive thyroid peroxidase antibody and increased TSH could indicate what disease state?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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5
Q

This is the major carrier of thyroid hormones.

A

TBG

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6
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

Top of kidney

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7
Q

What area of the adrenal cortex is responsible for androgens and sex hormones?

A

Zona reticularis

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8
Q

Produces steroid hormones
Outer portion
3 layers

A

Adrenal Cortex

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9
Q

Produces amine hormones
Inner portion

A

Adrenal Medulla

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10
Q

area of adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids
Major hormone– aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

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11
Q

area of adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids and cortisol?

A

Zona fasciculata

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12
Q

Steroid hormone that regulate salt balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

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13
Q

Steroid hormone that assist with carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

What is the originating tissue of cortisol?

A

Adrenal cortex

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15
Q

Mineralocorticoid produced in the G- zone
Controls the amount of fluid in the body
increase salt and water conservation

A

Aldosterone

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16
Q

Hyperaldosteronism
Aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma—Conn syndrome

A

Adrenal disease

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17
Q

Hyperaldosteronism
Excess production of renin
Malignant hypertension
Renin-secreting renal tumor

A

Renin-angiotensin system disorder

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18
Q

atrophy of adrenal glands with depressed production of aldosterone and the glucocorticoids
decrease cortisol and increase ACTH and CRH

A

Hypoaldosteronism
Addison/s disease

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19
Q

Pigmentation of the skin
Muscle weakness
Weight loss
Decreased BP
Nausea
diarrhea

A

Hypoadrenalism

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20
Q

Released from the adrenal cortex, raises blood glucose levels, and raises blood pressure, but can also cause immunosuppression. It is a long-lived and slow-response hormone.

A

cortisol

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21
Q

Results from cortisol excess regardless of cause

A

Primary hypercortisolism
Cushing syndrome

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22
Q

results from pituitary ACTH excess, which stimulates excess cortisol production
Excessive production of ACTH due to pituitary tumor

A

Secondary hypercortisolism
Cushing disease

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23
Q

Converts glycogen to glucose—allows voluntary muscles to have greater work output
Released from the adrenal medulla to help sympathetic fight/flight responses. It is
a short-lived and fast-response hormone.

A

Epinephrine

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter affecting vascular smooth muscle and heart
Released primarily by the postganglionic sympathetic nerve

A

Norepinephrine

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25
Q

Neurotransmitter in the brain affecting the vascular system

A

Dopamine

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26
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla, usually benign
Increased levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Pheochromocytoma

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27
Q

Malignant tumor of the adrenal medulla that occurs in children
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine along with dopamine

A

Neuroblastoma

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28
Q

an adrenal mass > 1 cm, which is discovered on imaging performed to evaluate a nonadrenal pathology.

A

Adrenal Incidentaloma

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29
Q

What three glands secrete testosterone?

A

Testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands

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30
Q

What hormone stimulates production of testosterone?

A

LH

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31
Q

What hormone is secreted by the placenta to maintain the uterus?

A

Progesterone

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32
Q

caused by an enzyme defect of 21-hydroxylase
Prevents cortisol production

A

CAH

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33
Q

Secreted by ovarian follicles and by the placenta(during pregnancy)

A

estrogen

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34
Q

ovarian tumor, hypothalamic tumor, adrenal tumors (rare); may be difficult to determine

A

Precocious puberty

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35
Q

polycystic ovaries, estrogen-producing ovarian tumors, disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary

A

Infertility and irregular menses:

36
Q

cervical or endometrial carcinoma, estrogen-producing ovarian tumors, exogenous estrogen consumption

A

Postmenopausal bleeding

37
Q

Prevents menstrual cycle from occuring

A

Hyperprogesteronemia

38
Q

What disorder is often associated with infertility and hirsutism?

A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

39
Q

This is a genetic defect in females that has a partial or complete loss of one of the X chromosomes.

A

turner syndrome

40
Q

Are conjugated proteins bound to carbohydrates
Solubility and half life similar to protein hormones

A

Glycoprotein

41
Q

What tissue does TRH act on?

A

Pituitary

42
Q

What is the originating tissue of ACTH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

43
Q

Two predominant organs for eliminating hormones

A

Kidney and liver

44
Q

hormone eliminated by inactivating metabolic pathways and excretion in urine or bile

A

steroid hormone

45
Q

hormones inactivated by intracellular deiodinases

A

thyroid

46
Q

substances rapidly degraded within the blood circulation

A

Catecholamines

47
Q

which arises from the diencephalon, is responsible for the storage and release of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP

A

Posterior pituitary

48
Q

prolactin secreting cells

A

Lactotrophs

49
Q

growth hormone (GH) secreting cells

A

Somatotrophs

50
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting cells

A

Thyrotrophs

51
Q

adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secreting cells

A

Corticotrophs

52
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreting cells

A

Gonadotrophs

53
Q

pituitary hormones that their actions are specific for another endocrine gland

A

tropic

54
Q

pituitary hormones act directly on peripheral tissue.

A

direct effectors

55
Q

What test is preferred for assessing growth hormone?

A

IGF-1

56
Q

Structurally related to GH and human placental lactogen.
Considered a stress hormone, it has vital functions in relationship to reproduction.
Dopamine is the only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits them

A

prolactin

57
Q

Usually seen in women who have been pregnant several times and has no pathological implication.
Lactation occurring in women with normal prolactin levels is defined

A

Idiopathic Galactorrhea

58
Q

Complete loss of function of hypopituitarism is called:

A

Panhypopituitarism

59
Q

consequence of vasopressin deficiency or resistance

A

Diabetes insipidus

60
Q

In a pregnancy with Down’s syndrome, the hCG levels are how much higher typically?

A

2x

61
Q

False negatives can be seen in immunoassays methodologies due to what?

A

hook effect

62
Q

What hormone can be decreased during pregnancy due to structural similarities to hCG?

A

TSH

63
Q

Pregnancy causes changes in respiration with a ___ in pO2 and ____ in pCO2.

A

pO2 increase
pCO2 decrease

64
Q

cluster of 50-60 cells with a cavity to form the yolk sac—goal of implantation into uterine wall, approx. 5 days past fertilization

A

Blastocyst

65
Q

create organs by embryo, takes 10 weeks

A

Organogenesis

66
Q

what system activate during pregnancy—underfilling of arteries and release of relaxin
Hypothalamus releases AVP/ADH from posterior pituitary

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

67
Q

what hormone responsible for increase in plasma volume

A

Aldosterone secreted by adrenal glands to retain Na

68
Q

Normal to have a mild, fully compensated respiratory alkalosis during pregnancy

A

true

69
Q

Trig nad LHL level inc/decre during pregnancy

A

increase

70
Q

hCG double very 24h until_____week of pregnancy and decrease at__________week and until______week then stable

A

8
10
16

71
Q

what can cause false positive for pregnancy point of care test

A

Medications: aspirin, carbamazepine, methadone
Sitting too long, untrained eye

72
Q

Produced by embryonic yolk sac first , then parenchymal cells in the fetal liver
Rise at end of first trimester and then fall after 32 weeks during preg

A

α-Fetoprotein (AFP)

73
Q

When MS-AFP higher than expected and ultrasounds don’t provide an answer what test to use

A

amniotic fluid testing

74
Q

MoM for open spina bifida

A

7

75
Q

MoM for anencephaly is

A

20

76
Q

Fluids available for amniotic fluid testing

A

serum, urine, amniotic fluid

77
Q

Triple screen test includes
Quad includes

A

AFP, hCG, uE3
Quad has inhibin A

78
Q

Cholinergic enzyme found in neuromuscular junctions in the muscle and nerves, preg

A

Acetylcholinesterase

79
Q

Large glycoprotein produced in the placenta
Valuable 1st trimester screening test

A

PAPP-A

80
Q

Extra copy of the long arm region q22.1 to q22.3 of chromosome 21 results in mental deficiency, hypotonia, congenital heart defects, and a flat facial profile.

A

down syndrome

81
Q

Occurs when the fetus receives an extra copy of chromosome 18

A

trisomy 18 (edward)

82
Q

2 layers of thyroid gland

A

Follicular and Parafollicular

83
Q

thyroid cells secrete calcitonin—involved in calcium regulation

A

Parafollicular

84
Q

chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

85
Q

a drug used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, is a fat-soluble drug with a long half-life (50 days) that interferes with normal thyroid function

A

amiodarone

86
Q
A

Clinical Chemistry (5 decks)

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