Chemistry of Life 1 - MT1 - Part 3

Question 1

What are most lipid molecules made up of?

Answer 1

Hydrocarbons

- C and H atoms

Question 2

What do lipids not like?

Answer 2

Water

- not soluble in water

Question 3

What are 4 types of lipids?

Answer 3

1. Fatty acids
2. Triglycerides
3. Phospholipids
4. Sterols

Question 4

What are fatty acids?

Answer 4

Components of larger lipid molecules

Question 5

What do fatty acids contain/require?

Answer 5

• Contains O2

- Requires a negative charge

Question 6

Are fatty acids branched on unbranched?

Answer 6

Unbranched

Question 7

What are triglycerides used for? (2)

Answer 7

1. Energy source

2. Storgage

Question 8

What are triglycerides build from?

Answer 8

Fatty acids

- 3 fatty acid chains

Question 9

Unsaturated triglycerides with example

Answer 9

Contains kinks in their tails so they do not pack well together nicely resulting in a more liquid like substance at room temp
- eg) Oils

Question 10

Saturated triglycerides

Answer 10

Does not contain kinks so they pack well together nicely resulting in a more solid like from at room temp

Question 11

What happens if you put random phospholipids in water?

Answer 11

They will form spontaneously so that the tails are in the middle (away from the water) and the heads are on the outside (facing water)

Question 12

What 2 things are sterols good for?

Answer 12

1. Chemical signalling

2. Membrane stabilization

Question 13

What are 3 examples of sterols?

Answer 13

1. Cholesterol
2. Estradiol
3. Testosterone

Question 14

Hormone

Answer 14

A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids

Question 15

What makes up proteins?

Answer 15

Polymers of amino acids

Question 16

What are 5 functions of proteins?

Answer 16

1. Catalysis of biochemical reactions
2. Structure and movement
3. Transport of materials across membrane
4. Transmission of signals
5. Defense

Question 17

What do catalysis do?

Answer 17

They are enzymes that speed up the process of breaking chemical bonds of a large molecule

Question 18

What are the 3 steps for a catalysis?

Answer 18

1. Substance binds to the active site of a specific molecule
2. The active site of the enzyme changes shape
3. Enzyme releases the resulting products and the enzyme is ready to be used again
   - it gets regenerated to its original form

Question 19

What are 2 examples of structure and movement?

Answer 19

1. Cytoskeleton
   - microtubules interacting with actin
2. Extracellular matrix

Question 20

What do proteins provide for movement?

Answer 20

Channels to transport specific substances across the membrane

Question 21

What is an example of transmission of signal?

Answer 21

Insulin

Question 22

Insulin

Answer 22

It is a signal from the pancreas that instructs cells to take up more glucose from the bloodstream

Question 23

What is an example of a defense molecule?

Answer 23

Antibodies

Question 24

Antibody

Answer 24

Is a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
- help to recognize foreign substances in the body

Question 25

Hemoglobin (8)

Answer 25

1. Model molecule 2. Readily available 3. Found in RBC 4. 2 alpha 2 beta subunits 5. Transports O2 6. Can change its shape (not static) 7. Binds O2 to heme group 8. Binding of one O2 changes the interaction around the whole molecule (not just that region)

Question 26

What make up nucleic acids?

Answer 26

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 27

DNA

Answer 27

Made up of 2 stands, twisted into a helix form

Question 28

What are the 4 subunits of DNA?

Answer 28

``` T = Thymine A = Adenine C = Cytosine G = Guanine ```

Question 29

What varies in DNA and what stays the same?

Answer 29

- The nucleotides (subunits) vary - The backbone stays the same - -> P group attached to a sugar

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

Single strand of nucleotides

Question 31

What 3 things are DNA/RNA critical for?

Answer 31

1. Storage 2. Transmission 3. Execution of genetic instructions

Question 32

What are 3 functions of nucleic acids?

Answer 32

1. Information storage and retrieval 2. Energy currency and transfer (ATP) 3. Electron currency and transfer (NAD+/NADH)

Question 33

Energy from catabolism

Answer 33

Exergonic --> energy releasing processes

Question 34

Energy for cellular work

Answer 34

Endergonic --> energy consuming processes

Question 35

What do NAD/NADH do?

Answer 35

They are electron carriers

Question 36

What are 3 structures/properties of nucleic acids?

Answer 36

1. DNA is a double stranded helix 2. Associated by complementary base pairing 3. DNA double helix can unwind

Question 37

What is held together the same way as DNA?

Answer 37

Water

Question 38

What is the most significant feature of DNA structure?

Answer 38

The association though complementary base pairing

Question 39

What are the complementary base pairs held together by?

Answer 39

Weak H bonds

Question 40

What shape is a low conformation (low energy) form of the molecule?

Answer 40

Helical shape of DNA

Question 41

What does G bind to?

Answer 41

C

Question 42

What does A bind to?

Answer 42

T

Question 43

What happens to DNA strand when heat is added?

Answer 43

It gets denatured and unwinds

Question 44

Glycoproteins

Answer 44

Exterior surface of the cell

Question 45

Glycolipids

Answer 45

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond

Question 46

What do glycolipids do?

Answer 46

Maintains stability of the cell

Question 47

What are 2 examples of non-covalent associations of biomolecules?

Answer 47

1. Chromatin | 2. Ribosomes

Question 48

Chromatin

Answer 48

DNA and proteins | - chromosomes are made up of chromatids

Question 49

Co-factors

Answer 49

A substance who's presence is essential for activity of enzymes

Question 50

Vitamins

Answer 50

Essential for normal growth and nutrition

Question 51

Mineral ions

Answer 51

Small ions needed for processes in our body

Question 52

What are 4 examples of mineral ions?

Answer 52

1. Na 2. K 3. Cl 4. Fe