Immune System 3 - MT3 - Part 1

Question 1

What are 5 types of defences in the innate system?

Answer 1

1. Barriers
   - skin, saliva, tears
2. Phagocytes
   - macrophages
3. Natural killer cells
   - destroys cancer cells
4. Inflammation
5. Fever

Question 2

What are 3 types of defences in the adaptive system?

Answer 2

1. B cells
2. Helper T cells
3. Cytotoxic T cells

Question 3

What do B cells do?

Answer 3

Create antibodies

Question 4

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 4

Communicate the adaptive and the innate defence system

Question 5

What are 2 things involved in communication?

Answer 5

1. Cytokines

2. Antigen presentation

Question 6

Cytokins

Answer 6

Are the proteins that stimulate for a response

Question 7

What is a healthy immune system?

Answer 7

A system that can fight off infection

Question 8

Is there a way to tell if your immune system is healthy or not?

Answer 8

Not really
- there is no measurement or observation you can make which can tell you that your immune system is function optimally, has been boosted or has been depressed

Question 9

What disease can measurably suppress the immune system?

Answer 9

HIV

- it infects helper T cells so the T cell count is way down in patients who have AIDs

Question 10

What is the exception when measuring whether the immune system is working properly?

Answer 10

Helper T cells

Question 11

What do monocytes mature to?

Answer 11

Macrophages

Question 12

When it comes to the immune system what is more productive way to go about it?

Answer 12

Specific disease compared to global questions

Question 13

What are 5 suspected factors or known ways to weaken the immune system?

Answer 13

1. Malnutrition/fetal malnutrition
2. Shortage of certain minerals
3. Working to much/too hard
4. Diseases of cells of the immune system
5. Fatigue

Question 14

What type of people are more prone to infectious diseases? (3)

Answer 14

1. People who suffer from malnutrition
2. People who live in poor conditions
3. People who have possible contaminated water

• none of theses are a direct connection

Question 15

What 2 issues came up when researching specific micronutrients?

Answer 15

1. Does deficiency have an effect on the immune system?

2. If someones intake is normal, does supplementation provide added strength to their immune system?

Question 16

What do lots of advertisements not tell you?

Answer 16

The whole truth

- they tell you its necessary but not about the effects it could have somewhere else

Question 17

What have low levels of selenium been associated with?

Answer 17

Several cancers

Question 18

What does low levels of selenium result from? (2)

Answer 18

1. Poor diet

2. Contaminated water

Question 19

What foods can you get selenium from? (8)

Answer 19

1. Mushrooms
2. Garlic
3. Egg
4. Broccoli
5. Asparagus
6. Salmon
7. Spinach
8. Oats

Question 20

What is the recommended dosage of selenium?

Answer 20

55ug

- typically we get enough from the food we eat

Question 21

What are low levels of vitamin A associated with?

Answer 21

High risk of infectious diseases

Question 22

What is more common for low levels: selenium or vitamin A?

Answer 22

Vitamin A

Question 23

What is vitamin A involved with? (2)

Answer 23

1. Vision

2. Directly with the immune system (T cell differentiation)

Question 24

Whats another word for riboflavin?

Answer 24

Vitamin B2

Question 25

Riboflavin

Answer 25

Confers some resistance to infectious diseases in mice | - need electron transport

Question 26

What happens when mice have a reduced intake of riboflavin?

Answer 26

They see a reduction in macrophages

Question 27

What foods contains riboflavin? (5)

Answer 27

1. Eggs 2. Lean meats 3. Milk 4. Green vegetables 5. Grains

Question 28

What does a deficiency of vitamin B6 do?

Answer 28

Impair the development and differentiation of B cells and T cells from stem cells

Question 29

What does a deficiency in vitamin C do?

Answer 29

Effect on the immune system is unknown

Question 30

What are cells typically packed with?

Answer 30

Vitamin C | - its needed for normal function

Question 31

What does vitamin C prevent?

Answer 31

The common cold | - just an idea (no actual proof)

Question 32

Linus Pauling (3)

Answer 32

1. Wrote a textbook 2. United chemistry with quantum mechanics 3. One of the first to study Hb

Question 33

What is vitamin D known to be involved with?

Answer 33

Fighting mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

Question 34

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 34

Is a disease caused by a bacteria called TB. The bacteria usually attacks the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body

Question 35

How does TB spread?

Answer 35

Through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat, coughs, sneezes or talks

Question 36

What does TB make you more prone to get? (2)

Answer 36

1. HIV | 2. Flu

Question 37

Why is the flu more common in the winter?

Answer 37

Because the bacteria doesnt get as much sunlight

Question 38

What does enhancement of vitamin E do?

Answer 38

Supplementation enhanced that antibody response to some vaccinations, but not to others

Question 39

Antioxidants

Answer 39

A substance that removes potentially damaging oxidizing agents in a living organism

Question 40

What does a deficiency in zinc affect?

Answer 40

Affects the functioning of lymphocytes