Chemistry Review Flashcards
Exergonic
A reaction that releases free energy
Exothermic
A reaction that releases thermal energy
Endergonic
A reaction that uses more free energy that it releases
Endothermic
A reaction that absorbs thermal energy
Valence electrons
Electrons found in the outer shell
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons and, therefore, mass
Covalent bonds
When atoms share pairs of electrons
- single, double, or triple covalent bonds
Polar v.s Non-polar
Polar: Unequal sharing of electrons
Non-polar: Equal sharing of electrons
Ionic Bonds
Transfer of electrons from one atoms to another
- Columns 1 and 2 give electrons
- Columns 3-8 gain electrons
Hydrogen bond
An electrostatic attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative nitrogen or oxygen.
Van der waals interaction
A temporary electrostatic attraction between two nonpolar molecules in close proximity due to random fluctuations in electron distribution where oppositely charged sides of molecules line up.
Synthesis
Multiple reactants react to form a single, more complex product
- There may be by products
Decomposition
A single reactant breaks down into multiple simpler substances
- May have help with oxygen
Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy needed to start or stimulate a reaction
