Macromolecules

Question 1

Structure v.s Function

Answer 1

Structure: Appearance, composition, location (relative and absolute), ect.
Function: Process, what something does.

Question 2

Monomers

Answer 2

Repeating subunits that covalently bond together to form polymers

Question 3

Polymers

Answer 3

Long chains of monomers bonded together covalently
- These chains are formed and broken apart in reactions involving water

Question 4

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 4

Removal of water to bond smaller molecules together into larger molecules

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

Addition of water to break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

A type of macromolecule used for short-term energy. They are between cells for communication.

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

A monomer of larger carbohydrates
ex. glucose, fructose, ribose

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

Two monosaccharides bonded together
ex. sucrose, lactose

Question 9

Oligosaccharides

Answer 9

3-10 monosaccharides bonded together

Question 10

Polysaccharides

Answer 10

Thousands of monosaccharides bonded together
ex. cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen

Question 11

Lipids (Macromolecule)

Answer 11

Another type of macromolecule, used for long-term energy storage. Deals with hormones and cushion/insulation.
- Not true polymers
- All are hydrophobic
- Van der Waals forces keep the molecules together
- Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Question 12

Cholesterol

Answer 12

Only found in animal cells (similar to a cell wall function in a plant). 4 rings and a carbon chain

Question 13

Triglycerides

Answer 13

The fat that you eat and store in your body. 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 14

Saturated v.s unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 14

Saturated fatty acids have chains of carbons and hydrogen in which each carbon is bonded to at least 2 hydrogens. Unsaturated fatty acids do not. There may be a double bond between carbons, but that means it does not have as many hydrogen atoms as possible in that chain.

Question 15

Nucleic acids

Answer 15

Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information. Codes for and helps build polypeptide chain (proteins)

Question 16

DNA

Answer 16

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 17

RNA

Answer 17

Ribonucleic acid

Question 18

Protein function

Answer 18

Structure (hair, skin, nails, feathers, horns, ect.), communication, movement, transport, catalyst (enzymes), defense (antibodies).

Question 19

amino acids

Answer 19

Have a central C bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a H atom, an R group (a variable group attached to the molecule)

Made up of C, H, N, O, and S atoms

Question 20

Protein Conformation: Primary structure

Answer 20

Sequence of covalently bonded amino acids between carboxyl and amine groups that form polypeptide chains
- Bonds: covalent

Question 21

Protein Conformation: Secondary structure

Answer 21

The folded regions of the polypeptide chain forming alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
- Bonds: hydrogen

Question 22

Protein Conformation: Tertiary structure

Answer 22

The 3D shape formed when the whole polypeptide chain is bent and folded upon itself
- Due to hydrophobic regions and disulfide bonds (bonds specific to proteins)
- Bonds: Covalent, hydrogen, ionic, van der waals

Question 23

Protein Conformation: Quaternary structure

Answer 23

Two or more polypeptide chains bound together to form large, complex protein.
- Not all proteins have quaternary structure
- Bonds: hydrogen, ionic, covalent/disulfide bridges, van der Waals

Question 24

Catalyst

Answer 24

A substance that speeds up a reaction without permanently being changed by the reaction.

Question 25

Enzymes

Answer 25

Biological catalysts that are highly specific to one reaction
- For our purposes, all are proteins
- Enzymes typically end in -ase

Question 26

Substrate

Answer 26

The substance on which an enzyme acts

Question 27

Active Site

Answer 27

The place on the enzyme in which the substrate(s) bond
- usually a hydrogen bond, an electrostatic attraction, or a temporary covalent bond

Question 28

Coenzyme/Cofactor

Answer 28

A vitamin or metal ion that helps an enzyme function

Question 29

Denature/Denaturation

Answer 29

When factors such as pH and temperature disrupt electrostatic attractions or bonds in the secondary or tertiary levels holding protein in its correct configuration
- May be permanent or temporary

Question 30

How do environmental conditions affect chemical reaction rate and enzyme functions?

Answer 30

Chemical reaction rates are highly dependent on environmental conditions
- Enzymes are optimized to function in specific conditions, and extremes could cause them to denature (they are proteins too)
- Organisms maintain homeostasis to allow these enzymes to function properly so you can get the nutrients you need in time to keep you alive

Question 31

How do enzymes work?

Answer 31

Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions in living organisms, They bond to the substrate(s) and lower the activation energy by changing substrate orientation, stretching bonds, or creating a temporary charge change.

Question 32

What is the structure of Triglycerides?

Answer 32

One glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains

Question 33

A DNA nucleotide containing adenine will hydrogen bond with a DNA nucleotide containing what? An RNA nucleotide?

Answer 33

DNA: Thymine
RNA: Uracil

Question 34

The breakdown of ethanol into acetaldehyde is facilitated by alcohol dehydrogenase with Zinc ions. Identify each component in this scenario (Product, substrate, enzyme, cofactor)

Answer 34

Product: Acetaldehyde
Substrate: Ethanol
Enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase
Cofactor: Zinc Ions

Question 35

Is Carbon Dioxide an organic molecule?

Answer 35

No, It does not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

Question 36

What are the monomers for nucleic acids?

Answer 36

Nucleotides

Question 37

What are the elements found in carbohydrates? Lipids? Nucleic acids? Proteins?

Answer 37

Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
- 1:2:1 ratio
Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
Nucleic acids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CHONP)
Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur (CHONS)