Chest

Question 1

The primary purpose of the respiratory system is

Answer 1

gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood

Question 2

The upper respiratory tract includes (8)

Answer 2

the nose, mouth, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea.

Question 3

Vibrational sounds originating in the ________ lead to vocalization.

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

The lower respiratory tract consists of the (4)

Answer 4

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Question 5

Surfactant ( think about blowing up a balloon so many times and how hard it was to blow it up the first time)

Answer 5

is a lipoprotein that helps to keep the alveoli open, thus preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 6

Oxygenation

Answer 6

involves the delivery of oxygen from the atmospheric air to alveolar capillaries and eventual diffusion into the alveoli.

Question 7

Ventilation

Answer 7

involves inspiration (movement of air into the lungs) and expiration (movement of air out of the lungs).

Question 8

Inspiration

active or passive

Answer 8

is an active process, involving muscle contraction.

Question 9

Expiration

Answer 9

is a passive process. When elastic recoil is reduced, expiration becomes a more active, labored process.

Question 10

Compliance refers to

With decreased compliance, it is_________rfor the lungs to inflate.

Answer 10

the ability of the lungs to expand.\

harder

Question 11

The respiratory defense mechanisms include

Answer 11

filtration of air, mucociliary clearance system, cough reflex, reflex bronchoconstriction, and alveolar macrophages.

Question 12

abnormal =

Answer 12

(adventitious) sounds

Question 13

Fremitus

Answer 13

vibration of the chest wall by vocalization

Question 14

Determine the presence of absence of abnormal (adventitious) sounds,

Answer 14

including fine crackles, coarse crackles, wheezes, stridor, and pleural friction rub.

Question 15

Determine the normal breath sounds:(3)

Answer 15

vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.

Question 16

Determine air entry

Characteristics/4

Answer 16

adequate
slightly decreased
decreased
absent

Question 17

stridor ( rubber duckyyyy)

Answer 17

an abnormal, high-pitched respiratory sound produced by irregular airflow in a narrowed airway during the inspiration phase

SQUEEZZYYYY

Question 18

fine crackles

Answer 18

short, discontinuous, high pitched,
before end of inspiration

Question 19

pleural friction rub ( state the other name hint= worsen…)

Answer 19

creaking or grating sound from roughned

worsen pneumonia

Question 20

wheezes

Answer 20

continuous high-pitched squeaking or musical sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls.

Question 21

Increased fremitus may indicate

Answer 21

consolidation of lung tissue (e.g., pneumonia)

Question 22

Decreased fremitus

Answer 22

may suggest obstruction or pleural effusion

Question 23

Resonant:

Answer 23

Heard over normal lung tissue.

Question 24

Dull:

Answer 24

Indicative of fluid or solid tissue (e.g., pleural effusion or consolidation).
Sound: Thud-like and less sustained compared to resonant.
Corresponding Tissue: Indicative of denser tissue or fluid, such as pleural effusion, consolidation, or liver tissue.

Question 25

Hyperresonant: | indictes/sound

Answer 25

Indicates increased air (e.g., seen in emphysema). Hyperresonant: hyper inflated Sound: Very loud, booming, and prolonged. Corresponding Tissue: Indicates increased air, often seen in conditions like emphysema.

Question 26

Tympanic:

Answer 26

Resembles a drum-like sound (rare in chest percussion). Sound: Resembles a drum-like, high-pitched sound. Corresponding Tissue: Rare in chest percussion; may suggest air-filled structures, such as a pneumothorax.

Question 27

Flat

Answer 27

Sound: Extremely dull and soft. Corresponding Tissue: Indicates solid tissue, such as muscle or bone. Rarely heard in chest percussion

Question 28

Bronchial Breath Sounds:

Answer 28

Characteristics: Louder, higher-pitched, and shorter in duration. Expiratory phase is longer than the inspiratory phase. Location: Normally heard over the TRACHEA and the major bronchi. Should not be heard in the peripheral lung fields under normal conditions.

Question 29

Vesicular Breath Sounds:

Answer 29

Characteristics: Soft, low-pitched, and continuous. Inspiratory phase is longer than the expiratory phase. Location: Heard over most of the lung fields. Predominantly heard in the peripheral lung regions.

Question 30

Crackles (Rales): Description: Causes: Fine Crackles: Coarse Crackles:

Answer 30

Description: Discontinuous, popping or crackling sounds. Causes: Fine Crackles: Heard during late inspiration; associated with conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, or interstitial lung diseases. Coarse Crackles: Heard during early inspiration; indicative of conditions like bronchitis or bronchiectasis.

Question 31

Wheezes: Description: Causes: Locations:

Answer 31

Wheezes: Description: Continuous, high-pitched, musical sounds. Causes: Associated with airway narrowing or constriction, seen in conditions like asthma, bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Locations: Often heard during expiration but may be heard during both inspiration and expiration.

Question 32

Rhonchi: ( not rt to bronchi) Description: Causes: Locations:

Answer 32

Rhonchi: Description: Low-pitched, snoring or rumbling sounds. Causes: Result from airway obstruction due to mucus or secretions, common in conditions like chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis. Locations: Typically heard during both inspiration and expiration.

Question 33

Stridor: ( think buffalo issues here) Description: Causes: Locations:

Answer 33

Description: High-pitched, harsh, crowing sounds. Causes: Indicates upper airway obstruction of trachea, such as in croup( laryngotracheobronchitis) , epiglottitis, or foreign body aspiration.Thyriod issues realtions Locations: Predominantly heard during inspiration.

Question 34

Pleural Friction Rub: Description: Causes: Locations:

Answer 34

Description: Dry, grating, or rubbing sound. Causes: Result from inflammation of the pleura, often seen in conditions like pleurisy or pneumonia. Locations: Heard over the anterior lateral chest wall, often near the lower lateral ribcage.

Question 35

Thoracic Cavity (internal space) | think my lung area....

Answer 35

Mediastinum: trachea, esophagus, heart & great vessels

Question 36

Smoking History Pack year history:

Answer 36

#packs per day X # of years smoked *(ie: a patient who smoked 1 pack per day for 15 years has a 15 pack-year history)

Question 36

Subjective

Answer 36

History of Complaint Onset, provocative factors, frequency of occurrence Dyspnea 🡪 Dyspnea on exertion When? Eating? Talking? Cough Productive or non-productive? Hemoptysis LOC

Question 37

Type- NC? O2 rate?

Question 38

BiPAP or CPAP Machines ?

Answer 38

Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Question 39

Anterior Chest

Question 40

Lateral Chest

Question 41

Posterior Chest

Question 42

Hypercapnia Hypoxia

Answer 42

Hypercapnia Increased blood CO2 Hypoxia Decreased blood O2

Question 43

tripod

Answer 43

helps expand lungs pull the diaphragm

Question 44

SHAPE OF THE CHEST ?????

Answer 44

Document as: 1:2 (A-P:T) or 2:1

Question 45

Pectus carinatum

Answer 45

is a deformity of the chest wall in which the breastbone and ribs are pushed outward. Pectus carinatum is sometimes called “pigeon breast” because of the birdlike appearance of the chest

Question 46

Pectus excavatum

Answer 46

also known as concave chest or funnel chest, is a chest wall deformity in which a child's breastbone (sternum) and some of the ribs grow inward

Question 47

Kyphosis – Scoliosis –

Answer 47

bending over compresses the lungs and decreases ability to expand ( cant expand lungs well enough) can cause ribs to press against the lungs to restrict breathing

Question 48

Tension Pneumothorax | to the left to the left....

Answer 48

collapse lungs .... my trachea shifts to the right

Question 49

Tracheal Deviation

Answer 49

- tension pneumothorax - atelectasis - pulmonary fibrosis (scarring)

Question 50

Crepitus –

Answer 50

palpable coarse crackling sensation

Question 51

Tactile Fremitus ( define/normal) " say 99"

Answer 51

Sound travels better through solid than air Fremitus is the vibration created. BEST OVER BONT PROMINECE. not effective fo barrel chest pts any chest issues. Normal: fremitus decreased toward bases

Question 52

Thoracic Expansion or Excursion | hint do this on your back

Answer 52

Also called thoracic excursion Normal is 2-5cm Movement should be symmetrical. Place hands on back )

Question 53

Rales/Crackles – Rhonchi – | which clears with a cough?vs small airways

Answer 53

secretions in small airways Discontinuous, heard on inspiration Does not clear with cough secretions in large airways Greater on inspiration Encourage cough and listen again after cough

Question 54

Wheeze – Pleural friction rub – Stridor – Absent – Diminished -

Answer 54

Wheeze – narrowing or inflammation of airway Whistling, high pitched, musical on inspiration or expiration Pleural friction rub – Inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing against each other Grating or creaking sound on inspiration or expiration Stridor – partial obstruction of upper airway High pitched honking sound, usually during inspiration Absent – air not moving – no sound Diminished - faint

Question 55

costal angle should be _____ than 90 degree

Answer 55

less

Question 56

Bronchial-vesicular

Answer 56

heard over sternum anteriorly and between scapulae

Question 57

If you hear abnormal sound nurse should have pt ____

Answer 57

cough and listen again