Flashcards in Chickens Deck (72)
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1
what is the normal temp of a chicken?
40-42 degree
2
what is the normal HR of a chicken?
120-160bpm
3
what is the normal RR of a chicken?
20-30brpm
4
what are the best sites for blood sampling chickens?
jugular or wing v.
5
why must blood counts be done manually for birds?
do not have neutrophils - have heterophiles instead
6
chickens do not have sweat or sebaceous glands BUT they do have some other glands - what are they?
preen gland at the base of the tail
gland in external auditory canal
ventral glands of the cloaca
7
what is the brood patch?
an area of feathers on the ventrum that cyclically moult and re-grow that is controlled hormonally
8
what is the brood patch rich in?
thermoreceptors
9
which feathers are clipped in wing clipping?
the first 10 feathers of one wing only
10
what is the structure of a chicken GIT?
beak - mouth - crop - proventriculus - gizzard - intestines - caeca - cloaca
11
what is the cloaca?
the common opening for the GIT and repro tracts
12
what is the relationship between the proventriculus and the gizzard?
food is passed back and forth between the structures with the proventriculus acting as the true stomach and the gizzard as the teeth
13
what must poultry have in their diet to allow the gizzard to function correctly?
insoluble grit
14
what are the main Sx of resp disease in chickens?
nasal discharge
coughing / sneezing
head shaking
gasping
noisy breathing
15
what are the 11 Ddx for resp disease in chickens?
1. Infectious bronchitis
2. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheite
3. Infectious laryngotracheitis
4. Aspergillus fumigateurs
5. Chlamydiosis
6. Avian Influenza
7. Pigeon Paramyxovirus
8. Newcastle disease
9. Avian metapneumovirus
10. Mycoplasmosis
11. Gape worm
16
what causes infectious bronchitis in chickens?
type 3 coronavirus
17
what areas of the body does infectious bronchitis affect?
female repro tract, urinary tract and resp tract
18
what are the main Sx of infectious bronchitis?
resp disease
egg drop
poor egg quality
egg peritonitis
19
how is infectious bronchitis Px?
live vaccine for boilers and breeders
20
what are the main Sx of ornithobacterium rhinotracheite infection?
coughing
egg drop
sneezing
bronchopneumonia
21
how is ornithobacterium rhinotracheite Px?
autologous vaccination
22
what causes infectious laryngotracheitis?
gallid herpes virus 1
23
what are the main Sx of infectious laryngotracheitis?
difficulty breathing
gasping
24
how can infectious laryngotracheitits be Px? what is the problem with this method of Px?
vaccination
vaccination is live and some birds may become latently infected and shed the virus at times of stress
25
what causes avian influenza?
orthomyxovirus
26
which type of avian influenza is classed as high pathogenicity?
type A, H5 and H7
27
which strain of avian influenza is of public health concern? why?
H7N9
low pathogenicity in chickens BUT high mortality in humans
28
what are the main Sx of avian influenza?
egg drop, resp distress, D+, sudden death
29
what causes Newcastle disease?
paramyxovirus
30
what are the 4 types of Newcastle disease and what pathology is associated with each?
viscerotropic - GIT haemorrhage
neurotropic - resp and neuro lesions
mesogenic - resp and neuro lesions
asymptomatic enteric
31
what is the difference between the neurotropic and mesotropic forms of Newcastle disease?
neurotropic = high mortality
mesogenic = low mortality
32
how is Newcastle disease Dx?
via oropharyngeal swabs
33
how is Newcastle disease Px?
live vaccine in layers and breeders
34
what does avian metapnuemovirus cause?
rhinotracheitis
35
what are the four subtypes of metapnuemovirus?
A,B,C and D
36
what are the main Sx of rhinotracheitis?
resp disease
egg peritonitis
37
how does infection with avian metapneumovirus differ in chickens cf. turkeys?
milder disease seen in in chickens BUT may lead to swollen head syndrome
38
how can avian metapneumovirus be Px?
live vaccine for subtypes A and B
39
which two mycoplasma spp affect chickens?
M. gallisepticum
M. synoviae
40
how might mycoplasma infection of a flock affect the owner economically?
UK flocks must be free from myocoplasmosis for export
41
what are the main sx of mycoplasmosis in flocks?
resp. disease
swollen hocks / arthritis
egg drop
sternal bursitis
42
how can mycoplasmosis be Px?
vaccination
43
what is the gape worm?
syngamus trachea - a hookworm causing mechanical damage to the trachea, asphyxiation and coughing
44
which diseases are notifiable in chickens?
avian influenza
Newcastle disease
pigeon paramyxovirus
45
what are the regions of the female repro tract of birds?
infundibulum
magnum
isthmus
uterus
vagina
cloaca
46
what is the function of each region of the female repro tract?
infundibulum = capture ovum
magnum = addition of albumin
isthmus = addition of shell membranes
uterus = addition of the egg shell
47
what is 'candling'?
a procedure done at 9-10d after incubation to determine fertility of the eggs
48
how long are chicken eggs incubated for cf. turkey and duck eggs?
21d cf. 28d
49
what are the 7 main problems which affect the repro tract of chickens?
oviduct infection
egg peritonitis
IBV infection
M. synoviae
egg bound
vent gleet
pyometra
50
why might a chicken become egg bound?
lack of Ca in diet
51
which 4 viruses can be transmitted vertically in chickens?
Retrovirus - lymphoid leucosis
Reovirus - viral arthritis
Adenovirus - egg drop syndrome
Astrovirus
52
which 4 bacterial spp can be transmitted vertically in chickens?
salmonella
e. coli
staph
mycoplasma
53
what are the 3 main immunosuppressive diseases seen in chickens?
infectious bursal disease virus
chicken anaemia virus
marek's disease
54
what does IBDv affect?
the bursa and B-cell production
55
what are the effects of IBDv infection?
mortality of up to 40% and immune suppression, bursal lesions
56
how is infection with IBDv Px?
live vaccine for boilers
inactivated vaccine for layers and breeders
57
what does chicken anaemia virus affect?
the thymus and T cells
58
what is the difference between CAV maternal Ab +ve vs -ve chicks?
+ve = protected from disease
-ve = susceptible to disease from 2wks age
59
what lesions are seen with CAV?
thymus and spleen - atrophy and immunosuppression via T cells
bone marrow - anaemia
60
when are clinical Sx of CAV seen and what are they?
infected > 7d, Sx from 12-17d
anorexia, depression, low PCV, leukopenia, immune suppression
61
how is CAV Px?
live vaccine in breeding birds
62
what is Marek's disease?
tumour caused by an oncogenic herpes virus - mardivirus
63
what characterised Marek's disease?
nerve swelling and tumours
64
how is Marek's disease Px?
SC vaccine at 1d of age
65
How is Marek's transmitted?
mature virus excretion by feather follicles --> inhaled
high virus load in dust
66
what are the 4 manifestations of Marek's and what type of lesions do they cause?
a. neurological - floppy broiler syndrome = paralysis of legs and wings, eye lesion due to sciatic and brachial n. being affected
b. visceral - tumours of the heart, gonads, muscles and lungs
c. cutaneous - tumours of the feather follicles
d. ocular - uni or bilateral eye tumours
67
What virus causes avian encephalomyelitis?
Picornavirus
68
Which bone is affected by dyschondroplasia in chickens?
Proximal tibiotarsus
69
What is the pathogenesis of egg Peritonitis?
Oviduct fimbriae fail to catch egg yolk - deposited in abdomen - Peritonitis
70
Which bacterial agent is involved in egg Peritonitis?
E. Coli
71
What causes egg drop syndrome?
Adenovirus
72
