Childhood and Adolescents Flashcards
(45 cards)
Childhood and adolescents Overview
2-20 years
Huge difference between between ages
During adolescents there is rapid lean body mass growth
After puberty fat mass also increases (greater in female)
Pre-school
1-5yrs
School age
5-12
Adolescents
9-19
Nutrient needs determined by in childhood
Age Body size Activity Growth rate Changing circumstances (illness and infection)
Why is nutrition important in adolescents
Want to create good habits as they transition to adulthood
By 5 should achieve an adult style diet (3 meal and 2 snacks)
Preschool children Understanding
Requirements are high in relation to size
95kcal/kg
Small stomachs preventing eating large quantities of food
Appetite varies depending on growth rate
Per year should gain 2kg and grow 8cm
Pre-school children aims
4-5 servings per day
Cereal, bread and potatoes with all meal
Meat or alternative twice a day
One pint of milk a day (can be semi skimmed after 2yrs)
Common nutritional problems in children
Overweight and obesity Micronutrient deficiencies (Iron and vitamin D) Food refusal Growth faltering Dental problems Constipation Diarrhoea Food allergies
Approaches to manage childhood obesity
Reduce energy intake without reducing volume
Increased time required to consume food leading to increase satiety
Wholefood versions
Organise eating periods to prevent grazing
Reduce intake of empty calories
Discourage inactivity and encourage activity
Vitamin and Mineral supplementation children
Vitamin A and D every day
Especially fussy eaters
Toddlers of Asian, African and middle eastern decent and those in the north of UK
Iron deficiency Anaemia toddlers
25-35% of ethnic minority and white young children from impoverished backgrounds
Happens when breast is replaced by cows
0-3month RNI for iron
1.7 mg/day
4-6month RNI for iron
4.3 mg/day
7-12months RNI for iron
7.8 mg/day
1-3yrs RNI for iron
6.9 mg/day
Preventing anaemia toddlers
Iron rich diet
Not to give cows milk before 1
Avoid excess milk after 1 (follow on formulas/ breast)
Avoid phytates and tannins in teas as inhibits absorption
Include vitamin C in diet
Rickets (vit D deficiency) toddlers
1 in 100 children in the UK
Can be passed o during pregnancy
Common in children with limited opportunities to play outside
Food refusal toddler
Infants not offered wide range of food in infants more likely to be picky
After 12 months become reluctant to try new foods
Offer food 10+ try’s before accept
Distaste, disgust and contamination fears with new food
Parents make worse with own behaviour
Can be caused by family meal times - distraction and threatening
Childhood bowel habits
By 4 adult frequency attained
Constipation and toddler diarrhoea are common
Childhood constipation
Pain from anal fissure Fever, dehydration and immobility Psychological problems Poor dietary fluid intake Excess milk inadequate fibre low fluid
to treat: Toilet training Plenty of water increase fibre Limit milk to 3x120mls
Toddler Diarrhoea
6-20 months
Minor infection
Low fat intake
Excess fruit juice
Dental Problems in toddler
Caused by - frequent consumption of food and liquids containing simple sugars and sticky food
Prolonged bottle feeding/ sleeping with a bottle
Recommend oral hygiene from 1yrs with fluoride hygiene and avoid sugary foods
General Parental advice for toddlers
Meals fun Offer regular meals and snacks rather than grazing Bright colours Calm and relaxed eating environment Don't rush meal times Monitor calories from liquids Encourage self-feeding Cut food Avoid meal times when child is tired Avoid using food as a reward Recognise satiety signals
