Fertility Flashcards
(49 cards)
Puberty trends
Starting earlier
Decreases about 3 months every decade
Critical fat hypothesis
To be able to reproduce/ hit puberty need to hit a critical fat amount
Not just about volume of fat it is also fat to lean mass ratio
Accepted value 24%
Metabolic signal hypothesis
Fat availability triggers hypothalamus resulting in a change of hormones
Availability and oxidation of fuel links to being ready to reproduce
Certain metabolites available and being sensed by brain and liver
Links to leptin
Undernutrition Females
Diminished energy stores post puberty leads to irregular menstruation or amenorrhoea
Happens as it prevents pregnancy where a foetus wouldnt survive and protects mother who needs to preserve own energy
Potential mother in BMI index of 14.9 kg/m2
Spontaneous abortion
Congenital abnormalities
Perinatal mortality
UUGR (intra-uterine growth retardation)
If eats enough to support baby ad mother then there is potential for mother to deliver healthy baby
Famine and Pregnancy
If a child is conceived before famine but born during famine reduce risk of defects
If conceived during famine and born after the higher chance of defects
Conceived up to 4 months after famine then most likely to have defects
Conceived after 4 months famine return almost as if normal
Famine and Pregnancy explained
Shows that there is a critical point of returning mother to health status in order to be able to have a healthy pregnancy
Around 4 months
Males and undernutrition
Loss of libido Loss of prostate fluid Decrease sperm motility Decrease sperm longevity Once 25% body weight gone sperm count is reduced
Weight gain reversers issue in the reverse order
Obesity and Male fertility link
Obesity
Reduced lipolysis, lipid mobilisation
Increased adipogenesis
Leads to Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome
Reduces androgen secretions
Alters androgen status leads to subfertility
Obesity in males overall effect of sexual activity
Psychological handicap Gross obesity alters sex hormones Associated with erectile disfunction Increased oligospermia Interfere with the physical performance
Overweight and female fertility
Increased ovulatory disorder infertility - BMI over 30
Increased incidences of miscarriages
NTDs offspring seen more even if have adequate folate
How much has semen Quality declined
50-60% over 40 years
Mcrolevel how to increase sperm quality
Selenium Zinc Omega-3 Coenzyme Q10 Carnitine
What foods to eat to increase male fertility
Fruits Veg Nuts Whole cereal Fish Seafood Poultry Low fat dairy
Antioxidant and male fertillity
Sperm at risk of oxidative stress
Selenium increases glutathione peroxidase-1 and helps remove free radical
Zinc and male fertility
Zinc acts as a membrane stabiliser
Prevents oxidative components binding to membrane such as NAD+
Omega-3 and male fertility
Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant
Carnitine and male fertility
Transport long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria – increasing motility
Fruit and veg and male fertility
Increase anti-oxidants Increase folate (less chance of sperm aneuploidy)
Cereal and fibre
Reduce plasma estrogenic levels which mess with homeostasis
Seafood
Omega-3
Poultry
Lower risks of sperm motility
Low fat and skimmed milk effect on male fertility
Increases insulin
Increasing levels of insulin-like growth factors - increase sperm motility
Nuts
Increase sperm motility, morphology, vitality
Increase omega-3 in blood serum
Eating walnuts for 12 weeks show significant difference
