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Clinical Pathology > Childhood Viral Infections > Flashcards

Childhood Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 notifiable diseases

A 
Acute meningitis
Acute poliomyelitis
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Smallpox
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2
Q

What antibodies are in breast milk?

A

IgG

IgA

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3
Q

Virus that causes measules

A

Paramyxovirus- enveloped single stranded RNA virus

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4
Q

Describe the transmission for measles

A

Person-person. Droplet spread

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5
Q

Infectivity of measles and incubation period

A

4 days before rash to 4 days after disappearance (10-12 days incubation)

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6
Q

Natural hosts for measles

A

Only humans

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7
Q

Clinical features of measles

A

Rash, fever, conjunctivitis, coryza and cough

Koplick spots 1-2 days before rash.

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8
Q

Complications of measles

A 
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Diarrhoea
Acute encephalitis
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
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9
Q

Describe the features of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

A

Rare, fatal, late (7-30 yrs after measles) infection in pregnancy- 20% foetal loss

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10
Q

Treatment for measles

A

Supportive

Antibiotics for superinfection

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11
Q

Prevention of measles

A

MMR-1yr

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12
Q

Describe the causative organism for chicken pox

A

Varicella Zoster Virus-herpes virus- DNA virus

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13
Q

How is VZV transmitted?

A

Respiratory spread/personal contact

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14
Q

Incubation period for VZV

A

14-15 days

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15
Q

Infectivity of VZV

A

2 days before onset of rash until vesicles dry up.

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16
Q

Describe the rash in VZV

A

Centripetal (starts on trunk and diffuses peripherally)

Macular?papular>vesicuar>papular

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17
Q

Complications of VZV

A

Pneumonitis (increased risk for smokers)
CNS involvement
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Shingle (zoster)

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18
Q

Treatment for VZV

A

Aciclovir

Chlorpheniramine can relieve itch (>1yr)

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19
Q

Prevention for VZV

A

Live vaccine- 2 doses (not routine)

VZ immunoglobulins given in high risk cases

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20
Q

Where is Rubella a problem?

A

Poland

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21
Q

Causative organism for rubella

A

Togavirus, RNA virus

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22
Q

Transmission for rubella

A

Droplet spread

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23
Q

Incubation period for rubella

A

14-21 days

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24
Q

Infectivity of rubella

A

1 wk before rash to 4 days after

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25
Q

Clinical features of rubella

A

50% infectious children are asymptomatic. Non specific prodrome. Lymphadenopathy. V. non specific rash-behind ears, face and neck

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26
Q

Complications of rubella

A

Thrombocytopenia. Post infectious encephalitis, arthritis

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27
Q

Complications of rubella in pregnancy

A

‘congenital rubella syndrome’- more severe when contracted early in pregnancy.
Cateracts and other eye defects
Deafness
Cardiac abnormalities
Microcephaly
Retardation of intra-uterine growth
Inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrow

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28
Q

When in pregnancy is there a high risk of transmission of rubell?

A

less than 11 wks- 90% rish of transmission

Over 20 wks, no increased risk

29
Q

Diagnosis of rubella

A

Serology IgG +ve for 3 months

30
Q

Treatment for rubella

A

No treatment. Ig given to exposed pregnant women. Vaccine= MMR

31
Q

Slapped cheek

A

Parovirus B19

32
Q

Virus for parovirus B19

A

B19-DNA virus

33
Q

Transmission of parovirus B19

A

Respiatory secretions or from mother to child

34
Q

Incubation/infectivity for parovirus

A

Incubation- 4-14 dyas

Not infecctious once rash has developed

35
Q

Foetal disease-parovirus B19

A

Anaemia, hydrops- foetal transfusion

36
Q

Clinical features of parovirus B19

A 
Minor respiratory illness
Rash illness 'slapped cheek'
Arthralgia
Aplastic anaemia
Anaemia in immunosuppressed
37
Q

Treatment for parovirus B19

A

None if self-limiting illness. Blood transfusion. No vaccine available. Infectious prior to rash so infection control difficult

38
Q

Causative organsisms for enteroviral infection

A

Cocksackie, entero, echoviral infections

39
Q

Transmission of enteroviral infection

A

Faecal-oral and by skin contact. Hand, foot and mouth disease.

40
Q

Clinical presentation of enteroviral infection

A

Fever-rash symptoms, can develop into meningitis

41
Q

Treatment/prevention for enteriviral infections

A

Supportive management and good hygeine to prevent transmission

42
Q

Causative organisms of respiratory synctial virus

A

Pneumovirus

43
Q

Clinical manifestation of RSV

A

Bronchiolitis in under 1yrs.

44
Q

Incubation period for RSV

A

4-6 days

45
Q

Complications of RSV

A

Can be life threatening. Reinfections common

46
Q

Causative organism of metapneumovirus

A

Paramyxovirus

47
Q

Clinical manifestation of metapneumovirus

A

similar to RSV- from mild URTI to pneumonia. Nearly universal by 5yrs.

48
Q

Adenovirus accounts for what proportion of childhood respiratory infections?

A

10%

49
Q

Clinical manifestation of adenovirus

A

Mild uRTI
Conjunctivitis
Diarrhoea

50
Q

Treatment for adenovirus in immunocompromised

A

Cidofovir

51
Q

Causative organisms for parainfluenza

A

Paramyxovirus

52
Q

How many types of parainfluenza are there?

A

4- 1 in winter, 3 in summer

53
Q

Transmission of parainfluenza

A

Person-person, inhalation

54
Q

Clinical manifestation of parainfluenza

A

Croup/bronchiolitis/URTI

55
Q

The common cold- 70% children with mild URTI

A

Rhinovirus

56
Q

3 infectious childhood diseases that result in diarrhoea

A

Rotavirus

Noravirus

57
Q

Causative organism for rotavirus

A

Reovirus (RNA virus)

58
Q

Transmission for rotavirus

A

Faecal-oral, occasionally respiratory

59
Q

Incubation period for rotavirus

A

1-2 days

60
Q

Prevention for rotavirus

A

Oral live vaccine

61
Q

Causative organism for mumps

A

Paramyxoviridae family

62
Q

Transmission of mumps

A

Direct contact, droplet spread

63
Q

Infectivity of mumps

A

Several days before parotid swelling to several days after

64
Q

Incubation period for mumps

A

2-4 weeks

65
Q

CLinical manifestation of mumps

A

Non specific prodrome-fever, malaise, anorexia, headache. Next 24 hours-earache, tenderness over ipsilateral partid. Next 2-3 days, enlarging parotid, severe pain. Normally bilateral. Pyrexia

66
Q

Complications of mumps

A

Meningitis, encephalitis, renal function abnormalities, pancreatitis, apididymo-orchitis-inflammation of epididymis. Infection in 1st trimester increases the risk of foetal death.

67
Q

Diagnsosis of mums

A

Normal WCC. Raised serum amylase. Serology (IgM)

68
Q

Treatment for MMR

A

MMR vaccine

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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