Children

Question 1

Spina Bifida: when does it occur?

Answer 1

A birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly

Question 2

spina bifida: how does it occur?

Answer 2

Type of neural tube defect. At the 28th day after conception, the tube is supposed to close. With spina bifida, a portion of the tube does not close properly causing problems with the spinal cord and bones of the spine

• Can be mild- severe depending on the defect, size, location, and complications
• Early treatment = surgery

Question 3

Spina Bifida: what are the three types

Answer 3

1. Spina bifida occulta
2. Myelomeningocele
3. Meningocele

Question 4

spina bifida: occulta

Answer 4

Spina bifida occulta
o Mildest and most common type
o Small separation or gap in one or more of the vertebrae
o Most people who have this don’t know it

Question 5

spina bifida: Myelomeningocele
o Most severe type
o Spinal canal is open along several vertebrae in the lower or middle back
o Membranes and spinal nerves push through the opening at birth, forming A sac on the babies back exposing the tissues and the nerves
o Can cause paralysis and bladder and bowel dysfunction

Answer 5

o Most severe type
o Spinal canal is open along several vertebrae in the lower or middle back
o Membranes and spinal nerves push through the opening at birth, forming A sac on the babies back exposing the tissues and the nerves
o Can cause paralysis and bladder and bowel dysfunction

Question 6

spina bifida: Meningocele

Answer 6

o Rare type characterised by a sack of spinal fluid bulging through an opening in the spine
o No nerves are affected
o Have minor problems with functioning, including with bladder and bowels

Question 7

ASD: impairments, responses, and sensitivities

Answer 7

• impairments in: social interaction and social communication and by the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours.
• can have unusual responses to sensory information (e.g. tactile, auditory, visual stimulus).
• Can be highly sensitive to change in their environment or overly dependent on routines.
• difficulty regulating their emotions, attention deficits are nearly universal in this population.

Question 8

ASD: Echolalia

Answer 8

speech in which the child echoes back what they previously heard.

Question 9

Cerebral Pasly: what is it/ what does it interfere with?

Answer 9

• A group of clinical syndromes that affect movement, muscle tone, and coordination as a result of injury or leison to the immature brain
• interferes with the development of motor and sometimes cognitive skills

Question 10

Cerebral pasly: 3 types

Answer 10

Spastic: characterized by hypertonicity, retained primitive reflexes. Most common type.
Hemiplegia: one entire side of the body
Diplegia: both lower extremities
Quadriplegia: entire body is involved

Athetoid: characterized by involuntary and uncontrolled movements. Movements typically slow and writhing.

Ataxia: characterized by unsteadiness, and difficulties with balance, particularly when ambulating.

Question 11

CP: Tone abnormalities

Answer 11

• hyptonicity: if elbow is passively extended, there will be little to no resistance to the movement. When hypotonia is present, there may be areflexia or an absence of primitive reflexes.
  
  • hypertonicity: there will be increased resistance, and it may be difficult to pull the elbow into full extension. With hypertonicity, reflex abnormalities such as hyperreflexia, clonus, overflow, enhanced stretch reflex or other signs of upper motor neuron lesions are present.

Question 12

CP: Atypical posture

Answer 12

• A child lying in supine with hypertonicity in the lower extremities, the hips are typically internally rotated, and adducted and the ankles plantar flexed.
• A child with hypotonicity in the lower extremities lying in supine, the hips are typically abducted, flexed, and externally rotated.

Question 13

CP: Intellectual Disability

Answer 13

• characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills. The disability originates before the age of 18.
  
  • Adaptive behaviour is the collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their everyday lives. Ex: reading and writing, time concepts, money concepts, following rules, obeying laws, ADLS, etc.

Question 14

Global Developmental Delay: what is it

Answer 14

-children under the age of 5 who have delays in developmental milestones and intellectual functioning are sometimes given a temporary diagnosis of GDD, that requires reassessment after age 5.